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Biology 201A > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of cell division

A

Growth, reproduction, tissue renewal and repair

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2
Q

Karykinesis

A

Nuclear division typically followed by whole cell division (mitosis)

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3
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells, not reproductive, diploid, 46 chromosomes

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5
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive, haploid cells 23 chromosomes

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6
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Pairs of chromosomes formed at the start of cell division, seen together when single chromatid chromosomes have been replicated

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7
Q

Cohesins

A

Protein complexes that attach two sister chromosomes all along the sister chromatids (split by seperase)

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8
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein complex at the centromere that spindle apparatus attaches to

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9
Q

Centromere

A

Where two chromatids are most tightly held together
Consists of repeating sequences of DNA (centromeric DNA) contains the kinetochore

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10
Q

Cell cycle steps

A

G0, G1, S, G2, M

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11
Q

Checkpoints

A

Control points where stop and go signals can regulate the cell cycle
Occurs at G1, G2, and M

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12
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

Cyclically operating set of molecules (kinases and cyclins) in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

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13
Q

Cyclins

A

Appear in the cell in cyclical patterns/rhythmic fluctuations

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14
Q

CDK

A

Cyclin dependent kinases are kinases that must attach to a cyclin to be active and thus are dependent on the fluctuations of cyclin

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15
Q

MPF

A

M-phase promoting factor
go-ahead for G2 checkpoint
CDK complex acts as a kinase and activates other kinases by phosphorylation

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16
Q

Several cyclin

A

CDK complexes involved with G1 checkpoint

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17
Q

Stop and go signals

A

Internal or external signals for cell cycle

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18
Q

Internal stop/go signals

A

Kinetochore fibers attached to each sister chromatid
DNA replicated without errors

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19
Q

External stop/go factors

A

Presence of essential nutrients and growth factors
Density dependent factors
Anchorage dependence

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20
Q

Growth factor

A

Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

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21
Q

Density Dependent Factors

A

External factor of density inhibits cell division

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22
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

Cells that must be attached to something in order to divide

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23
Q

Gap 0

A

Resting, non-dividing

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24
Q

Gap 1 phase

A

Proteins made, organelles replicated

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25
S phase
DNA is replicated, proteins made and organelles replicated
26
G2 phase
Proteins made, organelles replicated, cell readies for division Cell enlarged DNA replication is checked with repair enzymes
27
M phase
Division of genetic material in the nucleus
28
Interphase
Preparing for cell division DNA replicated and checked Organelles replicated
29
G2 checkpoint
Checkpoint requiring the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) MFP (maturation promoting factor) to phosphorylate proteins and other CDK's
30
Prophase
Chromosomes condensed and visible inside nucleus Centrosomes move towards the poles Asters and spindle apparatus formed
31
Late prophase
Chromosomes further condensed Nuclear envelope broken Centrosomes at the poles Organelles pushed to the sides Kinetochore and non-kinetochore fibers formed
32
Kinetochore fibers
Microtubules of the spindle apparatus that attach to the kinetochores at the centromeres of sister chromatids and pull them apart
33
Non-kinetochore fibers
Microtubules that grow from one centrosome and push the other away allowing the cell to elongate
34
Asters
The centrosome and extending microtubules, holding the centrioles in position at the poles
35
Metaphase
Sister chromatids arranged along the metaphase plate Centrosomes at the poles of the cell Complete spindle apparatus Kinetochore fibers attached to the kinetochore of each of the sister chromosomes
36
Equator/metaphase plate
Line along which chromosomes arrange themselves during metaphase
37
Anaphase
Seperase splits the cohesions and sister chromatids are pulled apart Daughter chromosomes move toward pulls Cell elongated by non-kinetochore fibers Quick phase
38
Telophase
Two new nuclei forming around the daughter chromones at the poles Cytokinesis begins
39
Cytokinesis
Division of the membrane Contractile ring closes in forming cleavage furrow and pinching the cell in two
40
Cell plate
Cell wall formed in plant cell cytokinesis Formed in the middle of two cells by material deposited from Golgi Apparatus that grows outward towards existing walls
41
Coenocyte
Cell that undergoes mitosis and not cytokinesis resulting in multiple nuclei in one cell
42
Binary fission
Simple division in half without mitosis DNA replicated, cell doubles in size, new membrane grows/pinches in, new cell wall deposited
43
Autosomes
Non sex chromosomes 22 in human haploid cells
44
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes of the same size and shape same genes at the same loci, one from each parent
45
Meiosis
Involves two nuclear divisions to create 4 cells
46
Meiosis I
A diploid nucleus to two haploid nuclei
47
Meiosis II
Similar to mitosis but starting with haploid nuclei
48
Prophase I
Nuclear envelope breaks Chromosomes condense Synapsis occurs joining homologous chromosomes Crossing over occurs at chiasmata (1-3 per homologous chromosome)
49
Synapsis
Homologous chromosomes pair up using synaptonemal complexes along their lengths
50
Chiasmata
Loci where crossing over occurs
51
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosome pairs line up (tetrads) Nuclear envelope fully dissolved Centrosomes have reached the pulls w/ complete spindle apparatus
52
Anaphase I
Cohesions separated by seperase and homologs are pulled apart
53
Telophase I
Nuclei may reform 2 haploid cells Cytokinesis may occur
54
Prophase II
Spindle apparatus begins to form
55
56
Metaphase II
Sister chromatids line up along the metaphase plate Centrosomes at the poles Complete spindle apparatus
57
Anaphase II
Seperase cleaves cohesions and non-identical sister chromatids pulled to the poles
58
Telophase II
Nuclei reform 4 distinct haploid cells form Cytokinesis starts
59
Variation of individuals
Independent assortment Crossing over Sexual reproduction (union of gametes)
60
Independent assortment
Each pair of homologs line up independently of each other

Biology 201A (15 decks)

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