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Biology 201A > Introduction to Biology > Flashcards

Introduction to Biology Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Biology

A

Scientific study of life

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2
Q

Characteristics of living organisms

A

Order/Organization
Reproduction
Growth and development
Energy processing
Response to environment
Regulation
Evolutionary adaptation

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3
Q

Order/Organization

A

Regular arrangements of cells and tissues

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4
Q

Reproduction

A

Passing on genetic material

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5
Q

Emergent properties

A

Properties that emerge as life gets more ordered; properties and behavior changes as non life goes to life and as moving up the levels of life

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6
Q

Hierarchical order of life

A

Subatomic particles > Atoms > Molecules > Organelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ systems > Organisms > Populations > Communities > Ecosystems > Biosphere

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7
Q

Ecosystems

A

Communities and abiotic factors combined

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8
Q

Biosphere

A

Thin layer surrounding earth containing all living things

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9
Q

Cell

A

Lowest level of biological organization that is capable of performing all activities of life

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10
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms are made of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells

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11
Q

Cell properties

A

All cells are surrounded by lipid bilayer membrane
All cells contain DNA at some time in their life

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12
Q

Protoplasm

A

All living materials in cells (including membrane)

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contents of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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14
Q

Cytosol

A

Semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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15
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cells without a nucleus and often without membrane bound organelles

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16
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cells containing a nucleus and organelles

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17
Q

Reductionism

A

Reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study (zooming in)

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18
Q

Systems biology

A

Constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems (zooming out)

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19
Q

Domains of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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20
Q

Eukarya kingdoms

A

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Artificial Group Protists

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21
Q

Taxons in order

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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22
Q

Human taxonomy

A

Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species Homo sapiens

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23
Q

Evolution

A

Genetic change in a population of organisms over time

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24
Q

Speciation

A

The development of new species

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25
Evolution mechanisms
Emigration Immigration Chance events Mutations Natural selection
26
Charles Darwin
"On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection" proposed decent with modification and theory of natural selection
27
Darwin's observations
Individual variation Overproduction and competition Adaptation
28
Darwin's inferences
Unequal reproductive success
29
Evolutionary adaptation
Over generations heritable traits that enhance survival and reproductive success tend to increase in frequency among a population's individuals
30
Themes in biology
Emergent properties Correlation of structure and function Heritable information Transfer and transformation of energy and matter Interactions are important to biological systems Feedback mechanisms Evolution
31
Negative feedback
Output or product of a process slows the process
32
Positive feedback
Output or product of a process speeds up the process
33
Scientific study of life
Biology
34
Order/Organization Reproduction Growth and development Energy processing Response to environment Regulation Evolutionary adaptation
Characteristics of living organisms
35
Regular arrangements of cells and tissues
Order/Organization
36
Passing on genetic material
Reproduction
37
Properties that emerge as life gets more ordered; properties and behavior changes as non life goes to life and as moving up the levels of life
Emergent properties
38
Subatomic particles > Atoms > Molecules > Organelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ systems > Organisms > Populations > Communities > Ecosystems > Biosphere
Hierarchical order of life
39
Communities and abiotic factors combined
Ecosystems
40
Thin layer surrounding earth containing all living things
Biosphere
41
Lowest level of biological organization that is capable of performing all activities of life
Cell
42
All organisms are made of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cell theory
43
All cells are surrounded by lipid bilayer membrane All cells contain DNA at some time in their life
Cell properties
44
All living materials in cells (including membrane)
Protoplasm
45
Contents of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm
46
Semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
47
Cells without a nucleus and often without membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic cells
48
Cells containing a nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotic cells
49
Reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study (zooming in)
Reductionism
50
Constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems (zooming out)
Systems biology
51
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Domains of life
52
Animalia Plantae Fungi Artificial Group Protists
Eukarya kingdoms
53
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Taxons in order
54
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens
Human taxonomy
55
Genetic change in a population of organisms over time
Evolution
56
The development of new species
Speciation
57
Emigration Immigration Chance events Mutations Natural selection
Evolution mechanisms
58
"On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection" proposed decent with modification and theory of natural selection
Charles Darwin
59
Individual variation Overproduction and competition Adaptation
Darwin's observations
60
Unequal reproductive success
Darwin's inferences
61
Over generations heritable traits that enhance survival and reproductive success tend to increase in frequency among a population's individuals
Evolutionary adaptation
62
Emergent properties Correlation of structure and function Heritable information Transfer and transformation of energy and matter Interactions are important to biological systems Feedback mechanisms Evolution
Themes in biology
63
Output or product of a process slows the process
Negative feedback
64
Output or product of a process speeds up the process
Positive feedback

Biology 201A (15 decks)

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