Macromolecules

Question 1

Organic macromolecules

Answer 1

Large organic (carbon based) molecules that are made of monomers

Question 2

Monomer

Answer 2

Single subunit that makes up a polymer

Question 3

Polymer

Answer 3

Large molecule made of identical or similar repeating monomers

Question 4

Dehydration reaction (condensation)

Answer 4

Formation of covalent bond between monomer of macromolecules with a loss of water; requires energy and enzymes

Question 5

Hydrolysis

Answer 5

Splitting or breaking of a covalent bond between monomers of macromolecules given the addition of water

Question 6

Carbohydrate function

Answer 6

Energy storage and structure

Question 7

Carbohydrate monomer

Answer 7

Monosaccharides

Question 8

Carbohydrate polymer

Answer 8

Polysaccharides

Question 9

Bond formation in carbohydrates

Answer 9

Glycosidic linkage

Question 10

Starch function

Answer 10

Energy storage in plants

Question 11

Starch structure

Answer 11

Alpha glucose monomers that form a helix or branch

Question 12

Cellulose function

Answer 12

Structural macromolecule in plants

Question 13

Cellulose structure

Answer 13

Beta glucose monomers form straight chains
Cellulose molecules form microfibrils when held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 14

Glycogen function

Answer 14

Energy storage in animals

Question 15

Glycogen structure

Answer 15

Alpha glucose monomers; form bonds 1-4 and 1-6; highly branched allows the molecule to be less ridged as opposed to starch

Question 16

Chitin function

Answer 16

Structural macromolecule in animals
In exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

Question 17

Chitin structure

Answer 17

Beta glucose structure with an amino functional group on carbon 2

Question 18

Lipid functions

Answer 18

Energy storage, membranes, insulation, shock absorbance, and steroids/hormones

Question 19

Bond formation in fats

Answer 19

Ester linkage; dehydration bond between glycerol backbone and carboxyl group of fatty acids

Question 20

Structure of fats

Answer 20

Glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acids

Question 21

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 21

Saturated with hydrogen, no double bonds, straight chained, solid at room temperature

Question 22

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 22

Not every carbon has maximum hydrogens due to the presence of double bonds, branched and thus liquid at room temperature

Question 23

Hydrogenation

Answer 23

The forceable addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids which causes the formation of trans-fats

Question 24

Phospholipid structure

Answer 24

Phosphate group (-) + glycerol + 2 fatty acids

Question 25

Amphipathic molecule

Answer 25

Molecule composed of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

Question 26

Hydrophobic end of phospholipid

Answer 26

Fatty acid tails

Question 27

Hydrophilic end of phospholipid

Answer 27

Phosphate heads

Question 28

Steroid structure

Answer 28

4 interlocking rings, with identifying side chains

Question 29

Steroid function

Answer 29

Many are hormones Cholesterol regulates the fluidity of the cell membrane ensuring resistance to temperature changes

Question 30

Nucleic acid function

Answer 30

Make up genes, involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation

Question 31

Nucleic acid monomers

Answer 31

Nucleotides

Question 32

Nucleic acid polymers

Answer 32

DNA and RNA

Question 33

Nucleotide structure

Answer 33

Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) + phosphate group + nitrogenous base

Question 34

How do nucleotides bond

Answer 34

Phosphate group to pentose sugar Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

Question 35

Pyrimidines

Answer 35

6 member ring; Thymine, Uracil, Cytosine

Question 36

Purines

Answer 36

6 member ring joined to 5 member ring; Adenine and Guanine

Question 37

Dinucleotides

Answer 37

NADH, FADH2, NADPH

Question 38

Protein

Answer 38

One or more polypeptide chains folded or coiled into a specific conformation

Question 39

Protein bond between the carboxyl and amino groups

Answer 39

Peptide bond

Question 40

Protein monomer

Answer 40

Amino acids

Question 41

Protein polymer

Answer 41

Polypeptide

Question 42

Protein functions

Answer 42

Catalysis Cell support Cell movement Cell to cell communication Cell division Cell receptors Passive transport Active transport Hormones Neurotransmitters Immune defense Organism protection, support, and movement

Question 43

Native conformation

Answer 43

The usual shape necessary for a protein to function normally

Question 44

Denaturing

Answer 44

Breaking bonds of a protein to change it's structure thus effecting function Caused by heat, pH, ionic concentration, or agitation

Question 45

Renaturing

Answer 45

The reformation of proteins to their native conformations; possible if no covalent bonds have been broken

Question 46

Primary structure

Answer 46

Single amino acid chain (polypeptide)

Question 47

Secondary Structure

Answer 47

Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet held by H bonds

Question 48

Tertiary Structure

Answer 48

Three dimensional folded structure cause by side chain interactions; disulfide bridges (strong bond), ionic bonds (R groups), H bonds, Van Der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions

Question 49

Quaternary Structure

Answer 49

Multiple polypeptide chains folded together, same bonding as tertiary structure

Question 50

Chaperonins

Answer 50

Enzyme that assists with some complex protein folding; protein enters enzyme chamber with a specific environment that is needed for protein folding

Question 51

Intrinsically disordered proteins

Answer 51

Proteins that do not have a native conformation (distinct 3-D structure) until they interact with a target molecule or protein