Metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Sum of all chemical processes occurring in an organism

Question 2

Catabolic pathways

Answer 2

Energy releasing reactions
Breaking down molecules

Question 3

Anabolic pathways

Answer 3

Energy requiring reactions
Building molecules

Question 4

Energy

Answer 4

Ability to do work
Ability to rearrange a collection of matter

Question 5

Kinetic energy

Answer 5

Energy of motion

Question 6

Thermal energy

Answer 6

Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms and molecules

Question 7

Heat

Answer 7

Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another

Question 8

Temperature

Answer 8

Average kinetic energy of molecules

Question 9

Potential energy

Answer 9

Energy of position and structure

Question 10

Chemical energy

Answer 10

Chemical potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Question 11

System

Answer 11

Matter being studied

Question 12

Surroundings

Answer 12

Everything outside of the system

Question 13

Organisms are open systems thus…

Answer 13

Energy can be transferred between system and surroundings

Question 14

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 14

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred or transformed

Question 15

2nd Law of Rhermodynamics

Answer 15

Some energy is degraded to less useful form in every energy transfer or transformation

Question 16

1st Law in biology

Answer 16

Each step in metabolism is a transfer or transformation

Question 17

2nd Law in biology

Answer 17

Heat is a biproduct of metabolism and every transfer/transformation increases entropy

Question 18

Free energy

Answer 18

Portion of a systems energy that is available to do work
Measures a systems ability or tendency to change to a more stable state (spontaneity)

Question 19

ΔG < 0

Answer 19

Spontaneous

Question 20

ΔG > 0

Answer 20

Nonspontaneous

Question 21

ΔG = 0

Answer 21

Equilibrium

Question 22

Gibbs equation

Answer 22

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°

Question 23

Metabolic disequilibrium

Answer 23

Taking products away (product becomes a reactant) that pulls Gibbs towards a spontaneous reaction (-) and keeps the metabolic pathway moving

Question 24

Metabolic equilibrium

Answer 24

State of maximum stability; no work able to be performed

Question 25

Exergonic reactions

Answer 25

Products are more stable (less energy) than reactants Energy released in process Change in Gibbs is negative Spontaneous

Question 26

Endergonic reactions

Answer 26

Reactants are more unstable (more energy) than the products Energy in required/stored in products Change in Gibbs is positive Nonspontaneous

Question 27

Energy coupling

Answer 27

Using the energy release from an exergonic reaction to fuel and endergonic one (ATP)

Question 28

ATP structure

Answer 28

Adenine Ribose Three phosphate groups Unstable structure

Question 29

ATP function

Answer 29

Chemical potential energy in ATP is used for most of cell work

Question 30

Types of cell work

Answer 30

Chemical work (chem synthesis) Transport work (active transport) Mechanical work (cell movement)

Question 31

Phosphorylation

Answer 31

Addition of a phosphate group to make a molecule less stable

Question 32

Enzyme

Answer 32

Biological catalysts that provide an alternate reaction pathway at a lower activation energy to speed up rate of reaction (not consumed in the reaction) Run specific reactions

Question 33

Ribozymes

Answer 33

RNAs catalysts

Question 34

Hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 34

ATP + H2O --> ADP + P + energy

Question 35

Lock and key model

Answer 35

Enzyme-substrate complex Induced fit

Question 36

Enzyme-substrate complex

Answer 36

When the substrate enters the active site of the enzyme inducing a change in shape Held by week interactions between R groups (enzymes are proteins)

Question 37

Induced fit

Answer 37

Substrate induces a change int he shape of the active site making reaction more likely

Question 38

How enzymes lower activation energy

Answer 38

Template for two or more molecules to come together Stressing and bending critical chemical bonds (substrate towards transition state) Provide favorable microenvironment Direct catalysis (active participation)

Question 39

Optimum substrate concentration

Answer 39

The more substrate the more reactions can be catalyzed until max is reached (saturation)

Question 40

Saturation

Answer 40

The substrate concentration that no longer increases the rate of reaction

Question 41

Optimum temperature

Answer 41

Temperature where enzymatic activity is at its greatest

Question 42

Optimum pH

Answer 42

pH where enzymatic activity is at its greatest

Question 43

Cofactors

Answer 43

Non-protein substances enzymes need to function Metal ions or organic compounds

Question 44

Coenzymes

Answer 44

Organic cofactors, enzymes needed in pairs

Question 45

Irreversible inhibitor

Answer 45

Binds to enzyme by permanent covalent bonds Completely stops or slows down reaction

Question 46

Reversable inhibitor

Answer 46

Inhibitor attaches by weak bonds

Question 47

Competitive inhibitor

Answer 47

Binds to the active site to inhibit substrate from binding Can be overcome by an increase in concentration

Question 48

Non-competitive inhibitor

Answer 48

Binds to allosteric site to change the shape of the active site Can't be overcome by increasing concentration

Question 49

Allosteric regulation

Answer 49

Any case in which a proteins function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site

Question 50

Allosteric regulation types

Answer 50

Allosteric activators Allosteric inhibitors Allosteric cooperativity

Question 51

Allosteric enzyme

Answer 51

Two sites Oscillates between active an inactive conformations

Question 52

Allosteric activators

Answer 52

Bind to allosteric site to stabilize active conformation

Question 53

Allosteric inhibitors

Answer 53

Bind to allosteric site to stabilize inactive conformation

Question 54

Allosteric cooperativity

Answer 54

Binding of a substrate to one active site makes binding of substrate to other active sites more likely and easier

Question 55

Feedback inhibition

Answer 55

Product of reaction slows or stops reaction