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Biology 201A > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Mycobacteria cell size

A

0.1 - 1.0 micrometers

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2
Q

Other bacteria cell size

A

1.0 - 10.0 micrometers

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cell size

A

10.0 - 100.0 micrometers

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4
Q

Why do cells have a small surface area to volume ratio

A

To facilitate exchange of materials

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5
Q

All cells have

A

Plasma membrane, DNA in chromosomes, ribosomes, and cytosol

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cell contents

A

Bacteria and Archaea
Ribosomes, cell membrane, sometimes cell wall, and no nucleus, DNA in nucleoid region

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7
Q

Protoplasm

A

Living part of the cell, including the cell membrane

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Area between nucleus and plasma membrane, interior of prokaryotic cells

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9
Q

Cytosol

A

Semi-fluid matric of cytoplasm

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Subcellular structures with specific functions (most are surrounded by membranes)

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11
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Small cellular complexes lacking a membrane (thus not technically organelles)
made of rRNA and proteins with large and one small ribosomal subunit and

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12
Q

Ribosome function

A

Protein synthesis

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13
Q

Free ribosome

A

Ribosomes that exist loose in the cytoplasm of a cell

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14
Q

Bound ribosome

A

Ribosomes that are bound to the rER or nuclear envelope

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15
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes

A

Only free ribosomes

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16
Q

Nucleus structure

A

Nuclear envelope with two lipid bilayers and pores (supported by nuclear lamina) contains a central nucleolus surrounded by chromatin, nuclear matrix present through the interior

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17
Q

Pore complex

A

Protein structure that lines the inside of each nuclear pore, selectively allowing molecules in and out (rRNA, proteins, macromolecules)

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18
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

Protein filaments present throughout the nuclear interior

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19
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Netlike array of protein filaments (intermediate filaments) that mechanically support the nuclear envelope; helps nucleus maintain shape

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20
Q

Intermediate filaments in the nucleus

A

Nuclear matrix (inside)
Nuclear lamina (envelope/outside)
May help organize genetic material for efficient function

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21
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of rRNA and ribosomal subunit synthesis; may be 2 or more (nucleoli) per cell

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22
Q

Vesicle structure

A

Short lived sacs enclosed by a membrane

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23
Q

Vesicle function

A

Molecule transport

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24
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Composed of cisternae, parallel fluid filled sacs surrounded by membrane, that can be continues with the nuclear envelope and have bound ribosomes attached to the membrane

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25
Cisternae
Parallel fluid filled sacs (ER lumen/cisternal space) surrounded by membrane
26
Rough endoplasmic reticulum function
Protein, glycoprotein, and phospholipid synthesis Protein packaging Protein secretion Synthesize transport vesicles
27
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure
Composed of cisternae, parallel fluid filled sacs surrounded by membrane, lacking bound ribosomes
28
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function
Carbohydrate metabolism (synthesis and modification) Detoxification of drugs and poisons (liver cells) Calcium ion storage (muscle cells) Produces oils, phospholipids, and steroids
29
Golgi apparatus structure
Composed of cisternae (associated, flattened, membranous sacs) cis (receiving) and trans (shipping) faces
30
Golgi apparatus function
Directs macromolecule transport (sorts, modifies, and re-labels) Synthesizes carbohydrates/polysaccharides Modifies glycoproteins, phospholipids, and carbohydrate tags
31
Cis side
Receiving
32
Trans side
Shipping
33
Lysosome structure
Membrane bounded sacs containing digestive hydrolytic enzymes, pH of about 5 (acidic)
34
Lysosome function
Primarily in animal cells Involved in exocytosis and apoptosis Digests old macromolecules and organelles Contain lipases, carbohydrases, proteases, and nucleases Food digestion in protists
35
Autophagy
Recycling the cells own organic material
36
Exocytosis
Moving molecules out of the cell
37
Apoptosis
Planned cell death
38
Vacuole structure
Membrane enclosed sac Larger and longer living than vesicles Central vacuole enclosed by tonoplast
39
Vacuoles
Primarily in plant cells Food vacuoles Contractile vacuoles Central vacuoles Hydrolytic vacuoles
40
Food vacuole function
Store and break apart food (protists)
41
Contractile vacuole function
Expel excess water (protists)
42
Hydrolytic vacuole function
Cell part breakdown in plants and fungi
43
Central vacuole function
Maintains cell turgidity Stores organic compounds and inorganic ions, pigments, and toxic waste Breaks down organic molecules
44
Endomembrane system
Nuclear envelope, rER, sER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane Movement of membrane around the cell
45
Peroxisome structure
Membrane enclosed sac containing a crystalline lattice of enzymes Compartmental structure
46
Peroxisome function
Enzymes remove hydrogen atoms (using oxidases) and transferring them to oxygen (O₂) forming toxic byproduct H₂O₂ Contains catalase to break down H₂O₂ Fatty acids can be broken down Detoxification of alcohols
47
Mitochondria structure
Inner membrane system surrounded by outer membrane Compartmental structure Contain their own DNA and ribosomes
48
Outer membrane
Smooth and permeable to many small ions
49
Inner membrane
Convoluted with folds (cristae) More selective in transport Enzymes of cellular respiration embedded in membrane Cristae increases surface area
50
Cristae
Mitochondrial inner membrane folds
51
Inner membrane space
Space between inner and outer membrane
52
Mitochondrial matrix
Inner compartment that contains enzymes involved in cellular respiration, mitochondrial DNA, and free ribosomes
53
Mitochondrial matrix function
Cell respiration Synthesizes proteins and enzymes essential for cell respiration
54
Mitochondria and chloroplast movement
Mitochondria fuse, split, and divide independently of the cell From branched tubular networks Chloroplasts move along the cytoskeleton , grow, and pinch in two
55
Mitochondria function
Site of cellular respiration Food broken down to make ATP
56
Plastids
Organelles in plants
57
Amyloplasts
Store starch
58
Chromoplasts
Plastids with colored pigments other than chlorophyll
59
Chloroplast structure
Two membranes containing grana (stacks of thylakoids) in the semi-fluid stroma which contains, chlorophyll, DNA, and ribosomes Compartmental structure
60
Chloroplast function
Photosynthesis Synthesize carbohydrates and amino acids
61
Thylakoids
Internal membrane enclosed sacs Location of light depended reactions
62
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
63
Stroma
Semi-fluid regions outside thylakoids Location of light independent reactions
64
Endosymbiosis theory
Theory that mitochondria and chloroplast are ancient prokaryotes that took up residence in the precursors of eukaryotic cells survived and started to divide independently of eukaryotic cell precursors
65
Evidence of endosymbiosis theory
Many known relationships between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Mitochondria and chloroplast are structurally similar to bacteria (size and shape) Both have their own single circular DNA Similar ribosomes to prokaryotic ribosomes Divide independently of host cell Inner membranes have enzymes and transport systems resembling those of prokaryotes

Biology 201A (15 decks)

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