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Cell division (mitosis) Flashcards

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1
Q

Which type of cell does not undergo mitosis

A

nervous system

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do each parent give you during mitosis

A

23 each

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3
Q

Be able to label the parts of a chromosome

A

-

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4
Q

How do you get DNA from a chromosome

A

they have to uncondense

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5
Q

Is there DNA in chromosomes

A

Yes

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6
Q

Whats the cell cycle

A

The sequence of events that may include growth, DNA replication, preparation to divide, and finally division of cells.

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7
Q

Centromere

A

Center of a chromosome where the chromatids are attached

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

Structures that contain DNA, DNA is coiled around protein in a chromosome

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9
Q

cytokineses

A

division of the cell

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10
Q

Interphase

A

the cell preparing to divide, cells spend 90% of time in this phase

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11
Q

Mitosis

A

division of the cell

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12
Q

sister chromatid

A

identical copies of a chromosome that were created during interphase the copies stay together in pairs called sister chromotids

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13
Q

Spindle fibers

A

long tubes that attach to the centromeres and move the chromosome during mitosis

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14
Q

In anaphase…

A

each pair of chromotids is pulled to opposite ends of the cell

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15
Q

in metaphase

A

The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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16
Q

In prophase

A

the chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers attach to the chromatids

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17
Q

In telophase

A

the nucleular membrane starts to reform around each set of chromosomes

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18
Q

Apoptois

A

planned cell death

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19
Q

Cancer

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells

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20
Q

Carcinogen

A

Things like smoking, UV light, and some chemicals can cause mutations that disrupt the cell cycle which can lead to cancer

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21
Q

Stem cells

A

These are specialized cells that have the potential to develop into specialized cells under the right conditions

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22
Q

Crossing over

A

Homologus chromosomes switch genes during 1st prophase this produces unique chromosomes

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23
Q

Diploid

A

2 copies of each chromosome. body cells are this

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24
Q

ferilization

A

the egg and sperm come together to make a zygote- a fertilized egg

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25
gamete
a reproduction cell such as sperm or egg cells
26
haploid
only one copy of each chromosome will get passed on to the offspring Sex cells are this
27
Homologous Chromosome
Chromosome that are half from mom and half from dad we have 23 pairs of these
28
A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that produces gametes
meiosis
29
Shows a pair of chromosomes
karyotype
30
When only one copy of a chromosome is produced
monosomy
31
when chromosomes dont separate correctly in meiosis
nondisjunction
32
Three copies of a chromosome
trisonomy
33
every new cell is a result of what
cell division
34
Why do unicellular organisms divide
to reproduce
35
Cell division in prokaryotes is celled
binary fission
36
Cell cycle: preparation to divide and cells spend 90% of time here, contains G1 S and G2 phases
Interphase
37
G1 is ..
cell growth
38
S phase is
(synthesis) DNA copied
39
Whats G2
Cell prepares to divide
40
What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
41
What does mitosis do
divides nucleus
42
What does cytokinesis do
cytoplasm divides
43
----- is an orderly set of stages from the first division of a eukaryotic cell to the time the resulting daughter cells divide
cell cycle
44
What is the cell cycles main checkpoint
G1
45
What does checkpoint G1 do
Checks if Dna is damaged
46
What happens if the cell finds out that the DNA is damaged at G1
Apoptosis will occur (planned cell death)
47
What does the G2 checkpoint check
That the DNA replicated correctly
48
What happens at G2 if the Dna is damaged and cannot be repaired
Apoptosis (planned cell death)
49
Structures that Contain DNA, DNA is coiled around protein on a ----
chromosme
50
How many genes do humans have
25,000
51
How many chromosomes do humans have
46
52
Each chromosome must be ---- before the cell divides
copied
53
Why do chromosomes need to be copied before division
so each new cell has the same number of cells than the last.
54
Where are sister chromotids attached at
centromere
55
Describe what chromosomes look like, include centromere and sister chromotids
They look like a X with each side being a sister chromotid and there attached at a region called the centromere
56
In animal cells where are spindle fibers heild together at
centrioles
57
In plant cells where are spindle fibers attached at
they arent
58
What do nucleotids look like
beads on a string
59
Name this phase : chromosomes condense, Nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers attach to chromatids
Prophase
60
Name the phase: Chromosmes line up in the middle at the ------ plate
metaphase
61
Name the phase: Each pair of chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.
Anaphase
62
Name the phase: two new nuclei reform
telophase
63
Name the phase: cytoplasm divides
Cytokinesis
64
In plant cells a cell plate is formed, in animal cells what is formed
Cleavage furrow
65
Name 4 results of Mitosis
1. two identical daughter cells are formed 2. Cells are diploid (46 chromosmes) 3. Makes somatic (body) cells 4. Porpose: growth and repair
66
Do all cells go through the cell cycle regularly
No some frequently divide others rarely divide
67
What is cancer
The uncontrolled growth and division of cells
68
When do normal cells know when to divide
When external signals tell it to
69
What increase the likely hood of cancer (and examples)
Carcinogens ex. UV light, Smoking, and chemicals
70
Why do carcinogens increase the likelyhood of cancer
it causes mutations in cells that disrupt the cell cycle
71
What carried out apoptosis
enzymes called capases
72
Are mitosis and apoptosis opposite or same
opposite
73
Mitosis vs. Apoptosis effect on cell numbers
mitosis- increases Apoptosis- decreases
74
do cancer cells undergo apoptosis
NO
75
Do cancer cells have contact inhibitation
No
76
Whats wrong with cancerous cells nucleui
its abnormal and enlarged
77
In cancer is the tumor hard to fragment
No
78
What happens to organs after original tumor fragments
it appears in other organs
79
Whats angiogenesis
Cancer cells form new blood vessles and they bring nutrients and oxygen tot he tumor
80
Are Benign tumors cancerous
NO
81
What are benign tumors
Noncancerous tumors that do not invade neighboring tissues or spread and they are encapsulated
82
Are malignant tumors cancerous
Yes
83
What are malignant tumors
Cancerous Not encapsulated Ready to invade neighboring tissues May detach and lodge in distant places (metastatsis)
84
Name a specialized cell
Stem cells
85
Do stem cells have the potential to be specialized
Yes
86
What are embryonic stem cells
No specilized cells in the embryo that are able to become all the cell type in the organism

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