Changes over time

Question 1

James Hutton

Answer 1

Old earth theory, Geological forces shaped the earth over extremely long periods of time
Also the earth is millions of years old, not thousands

Question 2

Thomas Malthus

Answer 2

Predicted that the Human population will grow faster than the earth can allow for (space and food supplies)

Question 3

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 3

Hypothesis of the inheritance of acquired traits

organisms followed a use it or loose it pattern for their traits that get passed on to the following generations (and the cycle repeats)

Question 4

Charles Darwin

Answer 4

Sailed around the world, visited many ecosystems, and observed the diversity, he concluded the following about Evolution
- Natural Selection
-Survival of the fittest
- descent with modification

Question 5

Charles Lyell

Answer 5

Explained that process happening now have the same geological patterns and features as what happened in the past
ex. Erosion continues to carve out canyons

Question 6

Artificial Selection and another name

Answer 6

Selective breeding

Nature provides the variation and humans select and reproduce the traits that they find useful
ex. cows with more milk, largest hogs, fastest horses

Question 7

Natural selection and another name for it

Answer 7

Survival of the fittest

The individuals who are best suited for the environment will survive and pass on the genes to the next generation

Question 8

Struggle for existance

Answer 8

Members of each species compete regularly to get necessities

one small advantage can be the difference

big and strong does not make the winner

Question 9

Adaption

Answer 9

When a organism becomes better suited for the environment around them

Question 10

Survival of the fittest

Answer 10

an individuals ability to survive and reproduce

Question 11

Descent with modification

Answer 11

Each living species has descended with changes from other species over time

ALL living things are related to each other (common ancestor)

Question 12

Common descent

Answer 12

All species (living and extinct) came from a common ancestor

typically connected by the tree of life

Question 13

Development of sexual reproduction

Answer 13

Sped up evolutionary rate

increases genetic variety

Question 14

Fossil Evidence

Answer 14

shows the changes between species that lived in the past and those alive today

Used to compare similarities between species that are extinct and their modern relatives

Question 15

Fossil

Answer 15

any evidence of and an organism that once lived

Question 16

Law of Superposition

Answer 16

in any undisturbed sequence of earths layers the old layers are at the bottom and the new layers are at the top

Question 17

Comparative Morphology

Answer 17

many species have a common anatomical physical structure

branch of science where living things are compared to understand their development among other species

Question 18

Analogous structures

Answer 18

serve the SAME PURPOSE in DIFFERENT SPECIES but evolved independently

Question 19

Homologous structures

Answer 19

are SIMILAR BODY PARTS found in DIFFERENT SPECIES for DIFFERENT PURPOSES

Question 20

Vestigial Structures

Answer 20

body parts that no longer have a function in a species

Question 21

Embyology

Answer 21

The study of living things before birth many organisms are very similar in appearance and

Question 22

Embryo

Answer 22

a developing organism at a stage prior to birth or hatching

Question 23

Biochemical evidence

Answer 23

organism that look similar today are believed to have a more recent common ancestor than organisms that look different (however you shouldn’t rely on outward appearances)

Question 24

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 24

you are able to look at similarities in DNA and tell how closely related organisms are

Question 25

Speciation

Answer 25

The process of a new species formation (though the course of evolution)

Question 26

Directional selection

Answer 26

a shift in the population in favor of another trait

Question 27

Stabilizing selection

Answer 27

genetic diversity decreases and the middle ground is favored (population stabilizes on one trait)

Question 28

Disruptive selection

Answer 28

When the extremes are favored on both sides
normally 2 populations

Question 29

Reproductive isolation

Answer 29

occurs when members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 30

Behavioral isolation

Answer 30

Occurs when 2 individuals are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals

Question 31

Geographical isolation

Answer 31

2 populations are separated by geographical barriers and evolve differently due to the separation

Question 32

Temporal isolation

Answer 32

occurs when 2 or more species reproduce at different times

Question 33

Convergent evolution

Answer 33

process of unrelated organisms come to resemble one another

Question 34

Divergent evolution

Answer 34

accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to formation of a new species

Question 35

co-evolution

Answer 35

When two species evolve in response to one another

Question 36

Gene flow

Answer 36

movement of genes into and out of the population (immigration and emmigration)

Question 37

Genetic drift

Answer 37

when allele frequencies in a population change as a result of random chance, occurs more frequently in small populations

can result in lack of genetic variety and vulnerable to extinction

Question 38

Hardy- Weinberg

Answer 38

allows scientists to determine if evolution has occurred

for gene frequency equilibrium to occur a population must meet 5 criteria
-no mutations
-no gene flow
-random mating
-population must be large
-no selection can occur

Question 39

Hardy-Weinberg formulas

Answer 39

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1
and
p + q = 1