Year review Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Hypothesis
A
explanation for an observation or scientific problem that can be tested by further observation
2
Q
Variable
A
to vary or change
3
Q
Independent variable
A
manipulated variable in a experiment whos presence determines the change in the dependent variable
4
Q
dependent variable
A
the variable in a experiment whoes changes are determined by the presence of one or more independent variable
5
Q
Control
A
a standard against which other conditions can be compared against
6
Q
What are some errors in experiments
A
instrumental, lack of calibration
personal, inaccurate observations, sampling error w too small of a group or not random
replication error, not consistent in experiments
measurement, not accurate or precise
7
Q
What are the 7 steps to a experiment
A
- ask question
- background research
- create hypothesis
- test experiment
- analyze results
- determine if it is True, False, or partially true
- report results
8
Q
in a experiment, what do you do if hypothesis is False or partially true
A
Think, and try again and go back to constructing hypothesis
9
Q
Qualitative observations
A
described by words or terms including subjective descriptions
10
Q
Quantitative observations
A
Numerical values from counts or measurements of a variable and usually uses some kid of instrument for recording data
11
Q
What organic molecule is a major source of energy and include sugars and starches
A
carbs
12
Q
What organic molecule is a Nitrogen- containing compund made up of chains of amino acids
A
Proteins
13
Q
What organic molecule is water- insoluble
A
lipids
14
Q
What organic molecule directs the instruction of proteins
A
nucleic acids
15
Q
What organic molecule is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
A
carbs
16
Q
20 amino acids can combine to make a great variety of this molecule
A
protein
17
Q
What organic molecule is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; composed of glycerol and fatty acids
A
lipids
18
Q
What organic molecule has two types DNA and RNA
A
Nucleic acids
19
Q
What organic molecule plants and animals use to maintain the structure of cells
A
Carbs
20
Q
What organic molecule can compose enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components
A
Proteins
21
Q
What organic molecule provides insulation, stores, energy, and cushions internal organ
A
lipids
22
Q
DNA stands for
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
23
Q
RNA stands for
A
ribonucleic acid
24
Q
Slide 15, whats A
A
carb molecule
25
Slide 15, whats B
protein molecule
26
Slide 15, whats C
lipid
27
Slide 16, whats D
Nucleic acid
28
What organelle captures solar energy for photosynthesis (plant cells, some algae)
Chloroplast
29
What organelle packages and distributes products
Golgi body
30
What organelle digests excess products and food particles
lysosomes
31
What organelle transforms energy through respiration
mitochondria
32
What organelle contains DNA which controls cellular activities
Nucleus
33
What organelle produces proteins
Ribosomes
34
What organelle stores substances
vacuole
35
What organelle has a phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell, controls transport adn maintains homeostasis
cell membrane
36
What organelle is the rigid second layer that protects and encloses the cell (plant cells and some bacteria)
Cell wall
37
What organelle is a fluid like substance that contains carious membrane bound structures (organelles) that performs various functions
cytoplasm
38
What organelle is the site of chemical reactions
ER
39
what does ER stand for
endoplasmic reticulum
40
What ER contains ribosomes
rough
41
What ER is for lipid production
Smooth
42
What organelle provides internal structure
cytoskeleton
43
In the cytoskeleton what are microfilaments
fibers
44
In the cytoskeleton what are microtubles
cylinders
45
unicellullar
a organism that exists with a singular, independent cell
46
multi-cellular
organism that exists as a specialized group of cells
47
Prokaryote
has nuclear material in the center of the cell but no nuclear membrane to enclose it, no membrane bound organelles
48
prokaryote example
bacteria
49
Eukaryote
clearly defined nuleus enclosed by nuclear membrane and membrane bound organgelles
50
Eukaryote ex
plants, animals, fungi, and protists
51
Eukaryote ex
plants, animals, fungi, and protists
52
Order of cell specialization
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
52
Order of cell specialization
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
53
design and shape of a cell is dictated by its...
functions and working conditions
54
what type of cell exhibits greater cellular specialization
multi cellular organisms ex. red blood cells, nerve cells and gland cells
55
Slide 17, whats A
centrosome
56
Slide 17, whats B
Cytoplasm
57
Slide 17, whats C
Rough ER
58
Slide 17, whats D
smooth ER
59
Slide 17, whats E
Ribosomes
60
Slide 17, whats F
Golgi body
61
Slide 17, whats G
Cell membrane
62
Slide 17, whats H
ribsomes
63
Slide 17, whats I
Nucleus
64
Slide 17, whats J
Nucleolus
65
Slide 17, whats K
Nuclear membrane
66
Slide 17, whats L
Vacuole
67
Slide 17, whats M
Mitochondria
68
3 parts of Cell theory
1. cells are the basic units of life
2. all organisms are composed of cells
3. all cells come from preexisting cells
69
On Slide 18, Whats A
Cell Wall
70
On Slide 18, Whats B
cell membrane
71
On Slide 18, Whats C
Vacuole
72
On Slide 18, Whats D
Nucelus
73
On Slide 18, Whats E
Nucleolus
74
On Slide 18, Whats F
Nuclear membrane
75
On Slide 18, Whats G
Chloroplast
76
On Slide 18, Whats H
mitochondria
77
On Slide 18, Whats I
golgi body
78
On Slide 18, Whats J
ribosomes
79
On Slide 18, Whats K
smooth ER
80
On Slide 18, Whats L
Rough ER
81
On Slide 18, Whats M
centrosome
82
On Slide 18, Whats O
cytoplasm
83
Passive transport
movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of the cells energy (with the concentration gradient)
84
Diffusion
movement of substances across the plasma membrane form a area of high concrentration to low
85
Osmosis
diffusion of water across the plasma membrane high to low concrentration
86
Facilited transport
carrier molecule embedded in the plasma membrane transports a substance across the membrane following high to low concentration gradient
87
Active transport
movement of substances across the plasma membrane the that requires the use of the cells energy, low concrentration to high concrentration
88
Endocytosis
large particles are brought into the cell
89
Exocytosis
large particles leave the cell
90
What are the 3 forms of passive transport
Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport
91
homeostasis
internal equilibrium, plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell (semi-permeable)
92
Semi-permeable
only allows certin substances through
93
Hypotonic
Water moves IN, cell bursts
94
Hypertonic
Water moves out, cell shrivels
95
Isotonic
no net movement, cell stays equal
96
Cellular respiration
food molecules are converted to energy
97
what are the 3 stages of cellular respiration
1. glycolysis (anaerobic)
2. Citric acid cycle (aerobic)
3. electron transport chain (aerobic)
98
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O2 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36 ATP)
99
photosynthesis
plants capture suns energy and convert it to food (carbs), then they convert the carbs to energy during cellular respiration
100
Ultimate energy source for all living things....
Sun
101
Photosythesis formula
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (sunlight) --> C6H12O2 + 6O2
102
ATP
molecule that stores and releases the energy in its bonds for when the cell needs it
103
Fermentation
when cells dont have enough oxygen this process occurs to continues producing ATP until oxygen is available again
104
2 types of fermentation
Lactic acid and Alcoholic
105
What respiration requires presence of oxygen
Aerobic
106
What respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic
107
What respiration makes less energy
anaerobic
108
What respiration is also called fermentation
anaerobic
109
does cellular respiration require light
no
110
special proteins that regulate nearly every biochemical reaction in the cell
Enzymes
111
3 factors that affect enzymes
pH, temp, and quantity
112
what do enzymes do
provide new energy to cells
build new cells
aid in digestion
break down complex molecules
113
Catalysts
speed up chemical reactions without being used up or altered
114
Slide 19, whats A
Subtrate
115
Slide 19, whats B
active site
116
Slide 19, whats C
products
117
what is nucleic acid composed of
nucleotides
118
What are nucleotides composed of
phosphate group
sugar
nitrogenous base
119
DNA vs. RNA, never leaves the nucleus
DNA
120
DNA vs. RNA, includes Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
DNA
121
DNA vs. RNA, controls production of all proteins
DNA
122
DNA vs. RNA, Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
RNA
123
DNA vs. RNA, has 3 major types
RNA, messenger transfer and ribosomal
124
DNA vs. RNA, has 3 major types
RNA, messenger transfer and ribosomal
125
How is RNA copied
mRNA is made form one strand of DNA
it carries the message to the ribsomes
then translated to a protein
tRNA transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes
126
In RNA replication what is the step names in order
transcription then translation
127
On slide 20, Whats A
Phosphate molecule
128
On slide 20, Whats B
Deoxyribose Sugar molecules
129
On slide 20, Whats C
Nitrogenous bases
130
how many parents are involved in asexual reproduction
one
131
what are the 3 types of cell division
binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis
132
In what organisms does binary fission occur
bacteria and fungi
133
longest part of cell cycle
interphase
134
when does chromosome duplication occur
interphase
135
what are the results of mitosis
two daughter cells (body)
136
what are the results of meiosis
formation of 4 cells each cell with 1/2 # of single-stranded chromosomes (sex cells)
137
trait
characteristic an individual receives from its parents
138
gene
carries instructions responsible for expression of traits
139
genotype
genetic makeup
140
phenotype
physical characteristics
141
gene mutation effects...
one single gene
142
chromosome mutation effects...
many genes
143
nondisjunction
during meiosis when a homologous pair doesnt seperate
144
protocells
large ordered structure enclosed by a membrane that carries out some life functions
145
macroevoulition
evolution that occurs between 2 dif species
146
convergent evoulition
2 species evolve to resemble eachother
147
speciation
formation of a new species
148
reproductive isolation
genetic mutation or behavioral change that prevents mating
149
levels of classification in order
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
150
are viruses considered living organisms
NO
