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Cell structure 1 Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the study of the function of the cell

A

Cell physiology

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2
Q

outer most membrane surrounding the cell, separating the internal contents from the extracellular

A

plasma membrane or cell membrane

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3
Q

cytoplasm is cytosol +

A

organelles

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4
Q

_____ thick, semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm which includes soluble proteins and enzymes, nutrients, ions and other small molecules

A

cytosol

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5
Q

______ highly organized structures suspended in the cytosol specialized for certain cellular activities

A

organelles

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6
Q

______ an organelle that is visible under the microscope and is the control center of the cell because the genes that code for proteins are located within it

A

nucleus

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7
Q

the cell membrane or plasma membrane surrounds the cell cytoplasm but allows transport of certain substances across it this is referred to as __________ or _________

A

selectively permeable or semi-permeable

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8
Q

_____ refers to many small parts fitting together

A

mosaic

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9
Q

_____ refers to the idea that the proteins seem to float in a sea of lipids

A

fluid

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10
Q

_____ is the most abundant component of the cell membrane

A

phospholipids

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11
Q

_______ possess polar and nonpolar ends

A

amphipathic

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12
Q

the phospholipids form a ____ (double layer)

A

bilayer

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13
Q

_____ are lipids possessing small, possibly branched carbohydrate chains

A

Glycolipids

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14
Q

______ found in both inner and outer layers of the membrane

A

cholesterol

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15
Q

________or ______ are embedded in the membrane and may span both lipid layers

A

integral proteins, transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

_______ are not imbedded in the bilayer, but are found on the inner or outer surface of the membrane attached to integral proteins

A

peripheral proteins

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17
Q

_______ some substances (polar substances such as ions like K+ and Na+) cannot pass through the lipid bilayer so instead they diffuse from one side of the membrane to the other through pores in integral proteins which span the bilayer

A

channels

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18
Q

_______ or ______these are integral proteins which allow for the movement of larger polar substances (i.e. glucose, amino acids)

A

transporters/carriers

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19
Q

____ integral proteins serving as binding sites for substances such as hormones, neurotransmitters or nutrients

A

receptor

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20
Q

______some integral and peripheral proteins serve as enzymes to catalyze reactions

A

enzymes

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21
Q

_____ integral and peripheral proteins may serve as anchors for the filaments of the cytoskeleton providing strength and shape or ____ proteins can attach the cell to neighboring cells

A

linker

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22
Q

______ glycolipids and glycoproteins act in self-identification

A

cell identity markers

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23
Q

the plasma membrane is _____

A

selectively permeable

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24
Q

selectively permeable membrane can create different chemical compositions inside and outside the cell this is called a _________

A

concentration gradient

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25
substances will move down concentration gradients, from an area of higher ion or molecular concentration to an area lower in concentration, until _____ is achieved
equilibrium
26
______ involves the movement of substances against gradients with the requirement of ATP
active transport
27
requirement for transport proteins (2)
mediated transport, nonmediated transport
28
substances move through the membrane with the help of _________
transporter proteins
29
_____ involves the movement of substances down gradients through kinetic energy of the molecules
passive transport
30
________substances move through the membrane with the help of transporter proteins
mediated transport
31
_______ substances can move through the membrane without the need of transporter proteins
nonmediated transport
32
______ tiny spherical vesicles detach or merge with the cell membrane to carry usually larger substances (cells, cell debris, large macromolecules) out of or into the cell
vesicular transport
33
____ is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane (that doesn't permit movement of the solute) from an area of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to an area of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration)
osmosis
34
osmosis is passive or active transport?
passive
35
____ is the passive movement of substances (solutes, solvent, gases) down their concentration (partial pressure) gradients
diffusion
36
polar substances require membrane proteins for diffusion. cannot cross the phospholipid bilayer so travel through ______in the proteins
channels
37
Diffusion rates are faster if the (4)
b. temperature is higher c. molecules are small d. surface area for diffusion is large e. site of diffusion is thin
38
_________ occurs when a solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side
facilitated diffusion
39
why is the glucose higher outside than inside the cell?
the cell needs a constant supply of glucose to make atp
40
_________ is an energy-requiring process that moves solutes such as ions, amino acids, and monosaccharides against a concentration gradient
active transport
41
kinetic energy is energy from______
movement
42
ATPase does what?
breaks down ATP
43
sodium is higher or lower on the outside of the cell
higher
44
potassium is higher or lower on the outside of the cell
lower
45
______ a type of active transport mechanism involving vesicular transport
phagocytosis
46
______ are small membranous sac containing liquid
vesicles
47
white blood cells will engulf cell debris, bacteria or viruses forming a vesicle called a ________
phagosome
48
phagocytosis is a form of ______ (endocytosis)
cell eating
49
macrophage means_________ (phagocytosis)
big eater
50
_______ export of substances from _______ to the outside of the cell
exocytosis, secretory vesicles
51
_____ is movement through a cell using vesicles
transcytosis
52
cytosol is the thick, semifluid portion of the cytoplasm situated outside the nucleus also called the _________
intracellular fluid
53
cytosol contains ______(such as fat globules and glycogen stores)
inclusions
54
the cytosol is the medium in which many ________ take place
chemical reactions
55
______ means “little organs” they have characteristic shapes they perform specific functions within the cell (such as generation of ATP) vary in number and type depending on cell function
cellular organelles
56
cell shape, movement and mechanical support is provided by the _________ which is a network of ______ fibres running through the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton, protein
57
______ are built from molecules of actin and they provide support and shape to the cell, movement within cells and movement of the entire cell (phagocytes)
microfilaments
58
_______ are composed of several different proteins and function in support and to help anchor organelles such as the nucleus; keratin is one example
intermediate filaments
59
_______are composed of tubulin protein and contribute to the shape and support of cells
microtubules
60
microtubules are _____ than microfilaments
larger
61
microtubules also make up a _________for the movement of organelles and even the separation of chromosomes during cell division (mitotic spindle and paired centrioles)
monorail system
62
____ and ____ both are composed of microtubules surrounded by the plasma membrane
cilia and flagella
63
______ are numerous, short, hairlike projections extending from the surface of a cell and functioning to move materials across the surface of the cell
cilia
64
_____ are similar to cilia but are much longer, usually moving an entire cell such as sperm cell tails
flagella
65
______ are dense areas of cytoplasm located near the nucleus
centrosomes
66
centrosomes consist of two parts _____ and _____
pericentriolar region, centrioles
67
______ is an area of cytosol surrounding the centrioles with dense protein fibers
pericentriolar region
68
_____ are paired cylinders arranged at right angles to one another
centrioles
69
centrosomes serve as centers for organizing microtubules to form the _______ used in cell division.
mitotic spindle
70
centrosomes are comprised of _______, but are of a different arrangement than the microtubules of the mitotic spindle which they organize
microtubles
71
______ are composed of ribosomal RNA and several ribosomal proteins are produced in the _______
ribosomes, nucleolus
72
_____ most numerous of the cell organelles
ribosomes
73
DNA is translated from nucleic acid to ______
amino acid
74
ribosomes translate mrna to ______
protein
75
_______ this membranous network (phospholipid bilayer with embedded macromolecules) is very extensive throughout the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
76
_____ is Latin for cytoplasmic network
endoplasmic reticulum
77
___________ lacks ribosomes and possess many enzymes involved in processes such as detoxifying drugs such as alcohol and pesticides
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
78
_____________possesses bound ribosomes involved in the synthesis of proteins which are destined to be released from the cell (secretory proteins) and proteins to be inserted into membranes (membrane proteins)
rough endoplasmic reticulum
79
a specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells, _______, is involved in calcium ion release and uptake during muscle contractions
sarcoplasmic reticulum
80
GERD stands for what
gastro esophageal reflux disease
81
another membranous organelle composed of many stacks of flattened bags of membranes called _____ surrounded by tiny vesicles
cisterns
82
______ are membrane-bound vesicles released by the Golgi Complex which contain hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules such as carbohydrates and proteins
lysosomes
83
lysosomes are used in _______ or the destruction of its host cell whether upon death or during _______
autolysis, programmed cell death
84
lysosomes are also involved in _____
phagocytosis
85
______ is a disorder of lysosome function
Tay-Sachs disease
86
mitochondria is the site of ______
aerobic cellular respiration
87
mitochondria make ____, have ____, Can _______ within the cell
ATP, DNA, replicate themselves
88
the______is the control center of human cells
nucleus
89
the nucleus contains genetic information or ____
DNA
90
the ______ are rod-shaped and are only visible during cell division
chromosomes
91
when the cell isn't dividing, the DNA is thin and diffuse and referred to as ______
chromatin
92
the ______ is composed of a phospholipid bilayer (similar to the plasma membrane) which possesses nuclear pores that permit ions and water soluble molecules to pass back and forth
nuclear envelope
93
within the nucleus of a non-dividing cell are one or more organelles called _____ which function in the synthesis of ribosomes
nucleolus
94
nucleus has a double ______ with pores.
membrane
95
condensed chromatin is called ____
chromosomes
96
Figure 3.1; p48 for quiz on generalized cell power point #68 cell structure and function
testable stuff; flagellum, cilium, free ribosomes, nucleolus, rough ER, Ribosome attached to ER, Golgi complex, mitochondrion, smooth ER, secretory vesicle, microvilli, plasma membrane
97

AP100 (15 decks)

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