Cellular Basis of Patho

Question 1

Where are genetic disorders mostly based?

Answer 1

In the nucleus

Question 2

What consists of filaments and tubules, gives the cell its shape, changes in response to stressors on the cell, and can change how the cell works based on its structure?

Answer 2

Cytoskeleton

Question 3

Gel that fills up the cell

Answer 3

Hyaloplasm

Question 4

What is the main organelle for aerobic metabolism?

Answer 4

Mitochondria

Question 5

What organelle converts chemicals into energy?

Answer 5

Mitochondria

Question 6

What diseases are inherited by the mother?

Answer 6

Mitochondrial diseases formed by mitochondrial DNA

Question 7

What mitochondrial disease causes the optic nerve to break down and lead to blindness?

Answer 7

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

Question 8

What organelle [only] makes proteins?

Answer 8

Ribosomes

Question 9

What does the rough ER do?

Answer 9

Makes proteins and synthesizes steroids

Question 10

What does smooth ER do?

Answer 10

Metabolizes drugs and other things?

Question 11

What organelle takes proteins made by the rough ER and packages them for use somewhere in the cell/body?

Answer 11

Golgi Apparatus

Question 12

Achondrogenesis type 1A is caused by problems with what organelle’s structure or function?

Answer 12

Golgi Apparatus

Question 13

What organelle breaks down substances in our cells?

Answer 13

Lysosomes

Question 14

These types of diseases are caused by large molecules accumulating within the cell, eventually leading to the cell’s death

Answer 14

Lysosome storage diseases

Question 15

A structure made up of cells of the same category

Answer 15

Tissue

Question 16

Combined tissues

Answer 16

Organ

Question 17

More than one organ working together to achieve a certain function

Answer 17

Organ systems

Question 18

What are the two main ways cells communicate?

Answer 18

Neural and Hormonal

Question 19

What are the three types of hormonal cells?

Answer 19

1. Autocrine
2. Paracrine
3. Endocrine

Question 20

Hormonal cell type:

Cell A releases substance A; Substance A binds to cell A. Self-regulating

Answer 20

Autocrine

Question 21

Hormonal cell type:

Substance releases, diffuses through fluid and has an impact on neighboring cell

Answer 21

Paracrine

Question 22

Hormonal cell type:

Releases substance, diffuses into blood and has an impact on targets that are far away

Answer 22

Endocrine

Question 23

With this, you have decreased energy production, decreased activity of the Na/K pump, and the cell swells

Answer 23

Reversible Cell Injury

Question 24

What is the process of recovery of a reversible cell injury?

Answer 24

• Adverse stimuli removed
• Energy production resumes
• Pump becomes active again
• Water is pumped out

Question 25

What is the main organelle affected in an irreversible cell injury?

Answer 25

Nuclei

Question 26

What changes are made to the cell in an irreversible cell injury?

Answer 26

- Nuclear changes - Rupture of cell membrane - Cessation of cellular respiration - Release of cellular contents

Question 27

What cell contents can be tested for in suspected heart attack victims?

Answer 27

Excess proteins that have been released into the blood

Question 28

What cell content can further damage the body when cell contents are released in an irreversible cell injury?

Answer 28

K+

Question 29

What [5 things] can injure cells?

Answer 29

1. Hypoxia/anoxia 2. Toxins 3. Microbes and viruses 4. Inflammatory and immune responses 5. Genetic and metabolic disturbances

Question 30

Chemical is the toxin source

Answer 30

Direct toxicity

Question 31

Toxin has to be metabolized first to become toxic

Answer 31

Indirect toxicity

Question 32

Tissue is not stimulated enough, decreases in size and cells decrease in size

Answer 32

Atrophy; physiological = things don't work as well as we age; pathological = response due to pathology

Question 33

Stimulated tissue causes individual cells to become larger

Answer 33

Hypertrophy

Question 34

Increase in cell number; i.e., something rubs against the foot and causes a callus

Answer 34

Hyperplasia

Question 35

Changes in the cell that go back to normal after adverse stimulus is removed

Answer 35

Metaplasia

Question 36

Cells change and reach a point where the changes are no longer reversible

Answer 36

Dysplasia

Question 37

Programmed cell death [natural]

Answer 37

Apoptosis

Question 38

Cells die from something that is not natural

Answer 38

Necrosis

Question 39

Name the four main types of necrosis.

Answer 39

1. Coagulative necrosis 2. Liquefactive necrosis 3. Caseous necrosis 4. Fat necrosis

Question 40

Most common type of necrosis; tissues die and lysosomes become inactive; often due to anoxia

Answer 40

Coagulative necrosis

Question 41

Necrosis where dead tissue liquefies and goes away; typical of brain infarcts

Answer 41

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 42

Necrosis that forms flakey, crumbly substance; typically found in TB and fungal infections

Answer 42

Caseous necrosis | [caseous = cheese]

Question 43

Special form of liquefactive necrosis; digestive enzymes get into surrounding tissues, break down fat into fatty acids, FA binds and calcium turns into liquid

Answer 43

Fat necrosis

Question 44

Secondary change in necrotic tissue; mostly occurs in an internal body organ, associated with infection

Answer 44

Wet gangrene

Question 45

Secondary change in necrotic tissue; tissue dies, dries out and becomes mummified

Answer 45

Dry gangrene; typically has better outcome than wet gangrene

Question 46

Secondary change in necrotic tissue; happens when tissues die and attracts calcium deposits that build up over time

Answer 46

Dystrophic calcification