Cellular Energy

Question 1

Is ATP less or more stable than ADP

Answer 1

Less stable because of the additional negatively charged phosphate

Question 2

Cellular respiration is a _______ process?

Answer 2

catabolic
breaks down glucose for energy

Question 3

Endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 3

aerobic bacteria= mitochondria
photosynthetic bacteria= chloroplasts

Question 4

Mitochondria and chloroplast similarities

Answer 4

1. They are similar in size.
2. They possess their own circular DNA.
3. They have ribosomes with a large & small subunit.
4. Reproduce independently of host cell
5. Have double membranes

Question 5

Aerobic Cellular Resp. Steps

Answer 5

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Krebs cycle
4. Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 6

Cytosol

Question 7

What process does not require mitochondrial enzymes

Answer 7

Glycolysis
Bc it occurs in the cytosol

Question 8

Enzymes involved in glycolysis

Answer 8

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase

Question 9

Pyruvate Oxidation Steps

Answer 9

1. Decarboxylation (CO2 released)
2. Oxidation (NAD+ to NADH)
3. Coenzyme A (produces acetyl coA)

Question 10

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Answer 10

Euk: mitochondrial matrix
Prok: cytosol

Question 11

What steps of cellular respiration directly produce ATP? How much in each step?

Answer 11

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis= 2 ATP
Krebs cycle= 2 GTP/ATP
Ox. phospho= 32-34 ATP

Question 12

What is the ETC goal?

Answer 12

Regenerate electron carriers & create an electrochemical gradient to power ATP production

Question 13

What is the final acceptor in the ETC

Answer 13

Oxygen, it gets reduced to form water via complex 4

Question 14

Where are protons pumped to and from in Oxidative phosphorylation? Essentially, the ETC of cellular respiration pumps protons (H+) from where to where?
What is very acidic because of this?

Answer 14

• Mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space, forming an electrochemical gradient
• Intermembrane space is highly acidic.

Question 15

Is NADH more effective than FADH2? Where does it drop off electrons? What does it regenerate?

Answer 15

Yes, drops electrons off at complex 1 and regenerates NAD+

Question 16

Where does FADH2 drop off electrons? What does it regenerate?

Answer 16

At complex II
Regenerates FAD
*Fewer protons are pumped due to the bypassing of complex I

Question 17

What does ATP Synthase do?

Answer 17

Acts as a channel protein
Provides hydrophilic tunnel allowing protons to flow down electrochem. gradient
*This spontaneous movement generates energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi into ATP, a condensation reaction that is endergonic

Question 18

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Answer 18

Euk: mitochondrial matrix
Prok: cytosol

Question 19

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur (ETC)

Answer 19

Euk: mitochondrial inner membrane
Prok: cellular membrane

Question 20

What type of reaction is aerobic respiration

Answer 20

Exergonic

Question 21

NADH produces how much ATP

Answer 21

3
*NADH from glycolysis produces less

Question 22

FADH2 produces how much ATP

Answer 22

2

Question 23

How much ATP is transferred to Euk and Prok during Glycolysis to Pyruvate Ox?

Answer 23

Euk: 4-6 (Some ATP used for shuttle)
Prok: 6 (because NO shuttle needed!)

Question 24

What type of pathway is fermenatation? What does is rely on?

Answer 24

Anaerobic
ONLY relies on glycolysis!!!

Question 25

Where does fermentation occur?

Answer 25

Cytosol

Question 26

What are the 2 most common types of fermentation?

Answer 26

Lactic acid Alcohol

Question 27

Lactic acid fermentation main function

Answer 27

Uses 2 NADH from glycolysis to reduce the 2 pyruvate into 2 lactic acid

Question 28

Lactic acid fermentation steps Where does this mainly occur?

Answer 28

1. 2NADH reduces 2 pyruv. to lactic acid 2. NADH is oxidized back to NAD+ - RBCs and muscle cells bc no mitochondria

Question 29

What cycle is used to help convert lactate back into glucose once oxygen is available again?

Answer 29

Cori cycle

Question 30

What does the Cori cycle do to lactate cells?

Answer 30

It transports the lactate to liver cells, where it can be oxidized back into pyruvate.

Question 31

Alchohol fermentation main function

Answer 31

uses the 2 NADH from glycolysis to convert the 2 pyruvate into 2 ethanol

Question 32

Alcohol fermentation steps

Answer 32

1. 2NADH reduces 2 pyruv. to 2-ethanol 2. NADH is oxidized back to NAD+ 3. **Decarboxylation** of pyruvate into acetaldehyde 4. Acetaldehyde (reduced by NADH) into ethanol

Question 33

Obligate aerobes

Answer 33

NEED Oxygen ONLY use aerobic respiration

Question 34

Obligate ANaerobes

Answer 34

Organism poisoned by Oxygen

Question 35

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 35

Can do aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation

Question 36

Microaerophiles

Answer 36

ONLY aerobic respiration Too much O2 is bad

Question 37

Aerotolerant organisms

Answer 37

ONLY anaerobic respiration or fermentation O2 is NOT poisonous to them

Question 38

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 38

the release of glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen

Question 39

______, such as _____, are the most efficient at generating ATP per carbon atom.

Answer 39

lipids, triglycerides

Question 40

Besides glucose, what are the more preferred energy sources in order from most to least?

Answer 40

Carbohydrates>fats>proteins

Question 41

Glycogenesis

Answer 41

the conversion of glucose into glycogen to be stored in the liver for energy

Question 42

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 42

Stored in the liver and muscle cells

Question 43

Beta-oxidation

Answer 43

- Requires energy investment! - Free fatty acids are converted into **acetyl-CoA** (makes tons of ATP) - Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells

Question 44

Lipases digest what into what

Answer 44

Fats into free fatty acids and alcohols through lipolysis

Question 45

Adipocytes store what? What type of enzymes do they have?

Answer 45

Fats (triglycerides) Lipase enzymes (albumin/lipoprotein blood circulation release)

Question 46

What are chylomicrons

Answer 46

Lipoprotein transport structures formed by the fusing of triglycerides w/ proteins, phospholipids, & cholesterol.

Question 47

What are lacteals?

Answer 47

small lymphatic vessels that take fats to the rest of the body

Question 48

What is the process that proteins undergo after being broken down into amino acids? What does it create?

Answer 48

oxidative deamination (creates toxic ammonia)

Question 49

Humans convert ammonia into what?

Answer 49

Urea

Question 50

Glycolysis reactants Glycolysis products

Answer 50

R: glucose, ATP, NAD+ and ADP/Pi P: ATP, NADH and pyruvate

Question 51

Pyruvate Ox reactants Pyruvate Ox products

Answer 51

R: pyruvate, NAD+ and CoA P: CO2, NADH and acetyl CoA

Question 52

Krebs Cycle reactants Krebs Cycle products

Answer 52

R: acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD and ADP P: CO2, NADH, FADH2 and ATP

Question 53

Ox Phospho reactants Ox Phospho products

Answer 53

R: NADH, FADH2, O2 and ADP/Pi P: NAD+, FAD, H2O and ATP

Question 54

Where do the protons move in aerobic respiration? This best represents the generation of ATP because when protons (H+) move down their concentration gradient (from high to low) as they travel from the highly concentrated ______ to ________

Answer 54

intermembrane space to mitochondrial matrix

Question 55

Beta oxidation occurs where in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 55

Beta-oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells

Question 56

In all biosynthetic/anabolic reactions, the products are ____ ordered and have a _____ ______ when compared to the reactants.

Answer 56

more, decreased entropy

Question 57

____ and ______ produce much less ATP per molecule of glucose than aerobic respiration.

Answer 57

Glycolysis and fermentation

Question 58

Beta-oxidation is the process that breaks _____ acids into ______ ____ that can go into the Krebs cycle

Answer 58

fatty, acetyl CoA