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DAT BIO > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

1
Q

Marine (saltwater) fish are ____to their environment

A

hypoosmotic

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2
Q

Freshwater fish are ________ to their environment.

A

hyperosmotic

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3
Q

What do marine fish do as a result of them being hypoosmotic to their environment?

A
  • Constantly drink water
  • Rarely urinate
  • Secrete accumulated salts through their gills
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4
Q

What do freshwater fish do as a result of them being hyperosmotic to their environment?

A
  • Rarely drink water
  • Constantly urinate
  • Absorb salts through their gills
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5
Q

Kidney are made up of what 3 parts?

A

Cortex (outer)
Medulla (middle)
Pelvis (inner)

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6
Q

What are the 4 main processes that occur in the nephron?

A

FRSE
Filtration, Reasborption, Secretion and Excretion

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7
Q

_______ occurs in the cortex at the ______ _______

A

Filtration, renal corpuscle

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8
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A

Glomerulus & the Bowman’s capsule

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9
Q

Blood enters from the _____ arteriole into the _________

A

AFFerent, glomerulus

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10
Q

________ forces plasma through the sieve (glomerulus)

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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11
Q

The ______ the nephron, the more _______ the urine will be.

A

longer, concentrated

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12
Q

What type of cells are in the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Podocytes

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13
Q

Podocytes surround and form what around the glomerulus?

A

fenestrations

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14
Q

Fenestrations allow what to be filtered into the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Small substances (water and solutes) to be filtered into the Bowman’s capsule

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15
Q

What substances remain in the blood when being filtered

A

larger
ex. proteins and blood cells

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16
Q

The glomerulus exits the __________ via the ________ arteriole, which goes on to form the _______ __________.

A

Bowman’s capsule, efferent, peritubular capillaries

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17
Q

Most of the reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule through what process?

A

Active transport

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18
Q

Most of the reabsorption occurs in the _______ ________ __________

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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19
Q

The distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs _____ and _____

A

Na+ and Cl-

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20
Q

What are the two molecules that the nephron reabsorbs almost completely.

A

Glucose and amino acids

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21
Q

What has selective permeability in the nephron?

A

Loop of Henle

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22
Q

What is loop of henle surrounded by?

A

Vasa recta (lots of capillaries)

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23
Q

The loop of Henle descends into the _______

A

medulla

24
Q

Water is reabsorbed into the blood as the filtrate travels ______ the _______ limb

A

DOWN, the descending limb (filtrate becomes more concentrated).

25
Q

Solutes are reabsorbed as the filtrate travels _____ the ________ limb

A

UP, the ascending limb (filtrate becomes less concentrated).

26
Q

T/F: The ascending limb is impermeable to water

A

TRUE

27
Q

Due to secretion, he interstitial fluids surrounding the nephron to become concentrated with what?

A

Salts!

28
Q

After going through the loop of henle where does the filtrate go?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

29
Q

Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed in the _____, with ______ following passively.

A

DCT, water

30
Q

After going through the DCT where does the filtrate go?

A

Collecting duct

31
Q

In the collecting duct, is water being moved passively in or out of the filtrate?

A

OUT! this concentrates the urine

32
Q

After going through the collecting duct where does the filtrate go?

A

Renal pelvis then ureter

33
Q

Where is urine stored?

A

the bladder

34
Q

What structure connected the kidney to the bladder?

A

the ureter

35
Q

What structure is urine excreted from?

A

the urethra

36
Q

What types of cells can detect changes in blood pressure and volume

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

37
Q

Activated renin and angiotensinogen forms what hormone?

A

angiotensin I

38
Q

Activated ACE and angiotensin I forms what hormone?

A

angiotensin II

39
Q

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (flight-or-flight) stimulates the kidney to release what hormone?

A

Renin

40
Q

Angiotensin II increases _____ and _______

A

BP and blood volume

41
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the release of what? from where?

A

aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex

42
Q

Angiotensin II increases the reabsorption of what? from where?

A

Na+, the proximal tubule

43
Q

Water always follows what?

A

Salt

44
Q

Angiotensin II is a systemic ______, which increases ______

A

vasoconstrictor, TPR

45
Q

Angiotensin II increases _______, which increases _____ _______ _______

A

thirst, blood liquid volume (increased TPR too)

46
Q

Aldosterone is produced by what gland?

A

Adrenal cortex

47
Q

______ increases salt and water reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

A

Aldosterone

48
Q

Aldosterone increases salt and water reabsorption and potassium secretion in the _______ ________ and _______ _______

A

distal tubules and collecting ducts

49
Q

ADH is released by what gland?

A

posterior pituitary

50
Q

ADH causes what to insert into the collecting duct of the nephron and increases water reabsorption?

A

aquaporins

51
Q

Alcohol ________ ADH, so less water is reabsorbed, and you urinate _________.

A

inhibits, more

52
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) main function

A

decreases BP

53
Q

Why is ANP released, it is in response to what?

A

To atrial distension by increased blood volume and pressure.

54
Q

ADH main functions FIX

A

Reduce BV & BP
Increases water reabsorption/permeability in the collecting duct
Increases aquaporins

55
Q

How does ANP reduce BV and BP?

A
  • Increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • Decreasing sodium reabsorption
  • Increasing sodium excretion
  • Inhibiting renin (means no RAAS system)
56
Q

When blood pressure is ______, these cells release ________.

A

Low, juxtaglomerular cells release renin

57
Q

ADH targets what structure in the nephron?

A

collecting duct

DAT BIO (22 decks)

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