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DAT BIO > Molecules & Fundamentals of Biology > Flashcards

Molecules & Fundamentals of Biology Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What type of bonds do carbohydrates make?

A

Glycosidic bonds
**these are joined by dehydration in disacc. (condensation reaction)

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2
Q

What is the opposite of a dehydration reaction and what is the result?

A

Hydrolysis
Covalent bond is broken by the addition of water

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3
Q

What reaction results in a glycosidic bond?

A

Dehydration (condensation reaction)
Water molecule leaves, covalent bond is formed

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4
Q

What type of bonds do proteins make?

A

Peptide bonds

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5
Q

What type of bonds do lipids make?

A

Ester bonds

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6
Q

What type of bonds do nucleic acids make?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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7
Q

Atoms making up carbs

A

CH2O (Carbon & 1 water)

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8
Q

Atoms making up proteins

A

CHON

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9
Q

Atoms making up lipids

A

CHO

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10
Q

Atoms making up nucleic acids

A

CHONP

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11
Q

What are Monosaccharides? What are the important ones?

A

One sugar
Ribose: 5C
Fructose: 6C
Glucose: 6C

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12
Q

What is maltose

A

glucose+glucose

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13
Q

Polypeptides

A

Polymer of amino acids
Joined by peptide bonds via dehydration synthesis(same as carbs)
Are broken apart via hydrolysis reactions
Chain has N- (amino) and C- terminus (carboxyl)

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14
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

Amino acid sequence
- connected through peptide bonds

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15
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

Peptide backbone with IMFs - forms alpha helices & beta pleaded sheets

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16
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A
  • R-group interactions of side chains into 3D structure
  • R-groups create hydrophobic interactions
    (Disulfide bonds/hydrogen bonds)
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17
Q

Quarternary Structure

A
  • Multiple polypeptide chains, forces same as tertiary
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18
Q

Denaturation of proteins

A
  • Loss of function & higher order structures
  • ONLY PRIMARY structure UNaffected
    Affected by:
  • pH changes
  • Temperature changes (high or low)
  • Salt concentrations
  • Chemicals or radiation
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19
Q

Glycoprotein

A

proteins that contain a carbohydrate group

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20
Q

Metalloproteins

A

proteins that contain a metal ion cofactor

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21
Q

What do catalysts do?

A

Reduce the energy of the transition state
Do not shift a chemical reaction or affect spontaneity
Lowering the activation energy

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22
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Inhibitors compete for active sites
Adding substrate can overcome this type of inhibition

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23
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

Non-competitive inhibitor binds to allosteric site modifies active site
*Rate of enzyme action cannot be increased by adding more substrate
*Cannot be overcome by adding more substrate
*Substrate and inhibitor don’t “compete” for active site

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24
Q

allosteric inhibition

A

Enzyme conformation changed by binding of inhibitor/activator to different site than active site

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25
Factors that influence membrane fluidity
Temperature Cholesterol Degrees of Unsaturation
26
Metabolism
Conversion of food into form of energy our body can use
27
Metabolic pathways
product (end result) of earlier rxn serves as reactant (start) of future reaction
28
Catabolic
Breaks down Releases energy (creates ATP) Spontaneous rxns EXERGONIC
29
Anabolic
Builds larger complexes Uses energy (uses ATP) Non-spontaneous rxns
30
What is sucrose?
glucose+fructose
31
What is lactose?
glucose+galactose
32
Chitin: Function is? What kinds of linkages? Is chitin plants, animals or fungi only?
Chitin (fungi ONLY!!!) - provide structure - 1,4 beta linkages
33
Glycogen: Function is? What kinds of linkages? Is glycogen plants, animals or fungi only?
Glycogen (animals ONLY!!) - energy storage, stored in liver - 1,4 and 1,6 alpha linkages
34
Starch: Function is? What kinds of linkages? Is starch plants, animals or fungi only?
Starch (plants ONLY!!!) - energy storage - 1,4 alpha linkages (amylose) - amylopectin more branched
35
Cellulose: Function is? What kinds of linkages? Is cellulose plants, animals or fungi only?
Cellulose (plants ONLY!!!) - provide structure to cell walls - humans can't digest!!! - 1,4 beta linkages
36
Lipids Function?
WISE P!!! Waterproof (waxes), Insulate, Steroids, Energy, Protection
37
What is a cofactor?
Non-protein compound that assists enzymes in reactions
38
What is a ribozyme?
An RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme
39
What are holoenzymes?
Enzymes+cofactors Enzymes that are bound to their cofactors
40
What are apoenzymes?
Enzymes that are not bound to their cofactors
41
Competitive Inhibition trend
Km increases Vmax stays the same
42
What is Km? What is Vmax?
1. Substrate concentration at which the velocity (V) is 50% the max 2. The maximum reaction velocity (increase temp increases enzyme activity)
43
Non-competitive inhibition trend
Km stays the same Vmax increases
44
N-terminus (amino terminus)
The side of polypeptide that ends with the last amino acid’s **amino** group.
45
C-terminus (carboxyl terminus)
The side of polypeptide that ends with the last amino acid’s **carboxyl** group.
46
How do unsaturated fatty acids pack?
CIS: have kinks, do NOT pack tightly TRANS: no kinks, DO pack tightly
47
How do saturated fatty acids pack?
Have no double bonds Pack tightly
48
What are phospholipids made out of?
Glycerol backbone 1 phosphate (polar) 2 fatty acid tails (non-polar) *they are amphipathetic
49
How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?
HIGH temps: holds membrane together LOW temps: keeps membrane fluid
50
How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?
↑ temperatures increase fluidity ↓ temperatures decrease fluidity
51
What are low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Have low protein density Work to deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues Called “Bad cholesterol” (vessel blockage)
52
What are High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
High protein density Take cholesterol away from peripheral tissues Called “Good cholesterol” * deliver cholesterol to the liver to make bile (reduces blood lipid levels).
53
Waxes?
- Simple lipids with long fatty acid chains connected to mono hydroxy alcohols - Hydrophobic protective coatings.
54
Carotenoids?
-Lipid derivatives w/ long carbon chains, conjugated double bonds & 6-membered rings @ each end - Pigments
55
Sphingolipids?
A backbone w/ aliphatic (non-aromatic) amino alcohols
56
Glycolipids?
- Lipids found in the cell membrane - Have a carb group attached instead of a phosphate group in phospholipids - Amphipathic & contain a polar head and a fatty acid chain.
57
What do nucleoSides contain
Nucleosides contain a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.
58
What do nucleoTides contain
Nucleotides contain a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. Tides/TATE
59
How are phosphodiester bonds created?
- From condensation reaction - Releases a water as a by-product.
60
Guanine to cytosine bond amount
Triple bond H
61
Adenine to thymine bond amount
Double bond H
62
What is miRNA
miRNA = microRNA. Small RNA molecules that can silence gene expression by base pairing to complementary sequences in mRNA.
63
What is rRNA
ribosomal RNA. It is formed in the nucleolus of the cell and helps ribosomes translate mRNA.
64
What is dsRNA
double stranded RNA. Some viruses carry their code as double stranded RNA. Protip- dsRNA must pair its nucleotides, so it must have equal amounts of A/U, and C/G.
65
What is tRNA
transfer RNA. Small RNA molecule that participates in protein synthesis.
66
Purines
PURe As Gold
67
Pyrimidines
TCU
68
Kinase adds or removes phosphate group
Adds
69
Phosphatase adds or removes phosphate group
Removes
70
Enzyme mechanisms of action include:
- Conformational changes that bring reactive groups closer - The presence of acidic or basic groups - Induced fit of the enzyme-substrate complex - Electrostatic attractions between the enzyme and substrate.

DAT BIO (22 decks)

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