Molecular Genetics

Question 1

Translocation

Answer 1

a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

Question 2

Ligase

Answer 2

Ligase glues separate pieces of DNA back together
Gliagase: sounds like glue

Question 3

DNA Polymerase

Answer 3

Moves in the 5’ to 3’ direction & adds DNA base pairs.
Polymerase: Enzyme that makes DNA polymers (AKA adds DNA together)

Question 4

DNA sliding clamp

Answer 4

holds down DNA Polymerase
Sliding clamp is going to clamp down on polymerase to keep it bound to DNA

Question 5

Primase

Answer 5

Places RNA primer for polymerase to latch on to
PRimase, sounds like primer. R in primase stands for RNA

Question 6

Topoisomerase

Answer 6

Knicks top of DNA strand to prevent super coiling as helicase unzips strand
Topo(f) DNA strand, T=Tension!! (releases tension)

Question 7

Single-Strand Binding Proteins

Answer 7

Bind to unbound DNA molecules to prevent re-binding
Read the name. Protein that binds to single strand, gets in the way to prevent re-binding

Question 8

Point Mutations

Answer 8

mutations of one of the three base pairs (at a point in a codon)

Question 9

Insertion

Answer 9

insert extra base pair and shift reading frame
Deletion: deleted base pair and shift reading frame

Question 10

Nonsense

Answer 10

mutation causes a stop codon (this is nonsense, please stop!)

Question 11

Missense

Answer 11

mutation causes different amino acid (missense: missed our mark)
can be conservative or non-conservative

Question 12

Silent

Answer 12

mutation causes no change in amino acid (silent because cause no effect)

Question 13

3 sites of making mRNA into a protein?

Answer 13

EPA
Acceptance
Protein building
Exit

Question 14

Nucleotide

Answer 14

ribose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.

Question 15

Nucleoside

Answer 15

ribose sugar and nitrogenous base.

Question 16

Methylation of histones

Answer 16

Adds methyl groups, either increasing or decreasing transcription.

Question 17

Deacetylation of histones

Answer 17

increases positive charges, tightening DNA-histone attractions and decreasing transcription

Question 18

Acetylation of histones

Answer 18

removes positive charges, relaxing DNA-histone attractions and allowing for more transcription to happen.

Question 19

bacteria have what shaped DNA

Answer 19

circular

Question 20

humans have what shaped DNA

Answer 20

linear

Question 21

Telomeres are ????

Answer 21

noncoding, repeated nucleotide sequences at the ends of linear chromosomes. Prevent further cell division.

Question 22

Telomerase is an ???

Answer 22

enzyme that extends telomeres to prevent DNA loss

Question 23

T/F: Prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei, sooo both transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytosol.

Answer 23

TRUE!

Question 24

Lytic cycle

Answer 24

virus takes over host to replicate and does cause harm to the host. The viral particles produced can lyse the host cell to find other hosts to infect.

Question 25

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 25

virus is considered dormant because it inserts its own genome into the host’s genome and does not harm the host. Each time the host genome undergoes replication, so does the viral genome.

Question 26

viral replication cycle mneumonic is what

Answer 26

APUSAR

Question 27

where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

Answer 27

cytosol!

Question 28

To regulate the promoter, _____ bind to the operator regions, while activators bind to the ______ sites.

Answer 28

Repressors, promoter

Question 29

The lac repressor protein is the first way that the lac operon is controlled. This protein is always....? This means the protein is always bound to the _____, _____ transcription.

Answer 29

ON, operator, blocking

Question 30

If lactose is present, what occurs?

Answer 30

It is converted to allolactose Allolactose binds directly to the repressor protein and removes it from the operator, allowing transcription to occur!

Question 31

cAMP and glucose are _____ related. This means.....

Answer 31

inversely When glucose is low, cAMP is high cAMP binds to CAP, which then attaches near the lac operon promoter to help attract RNA polymerase, PROMOTING transcription.

Question 32

Does cAMP inhibit or promote transcription?

Answer 32

PROMOTE

Question 33

only _____ are removed by spliceosomes,

Answer 33

introns

Question 34

prokaryotes do not have ____ or _____

Answer 34

introns, telomeres

Question 35

______ is a type of post-transcriptional modification

Answer 35

Splicing

Question 36

Conjugation Transduction Transformation

Answer 36

Conjugation: pilli Transduction: different hosts TRANSFER Transformation: transforming a new wardrobe, so you have to go buy new clothes (extracellular DNA)

Question 37

Tryptophan _____ trypto production because it binds to the repressor protein (making it repress). When tryptophan is NOT present, the repressor protein is inactive, soooo _____

Answer 37

decreases, tryptophan IS produced

Question 38

Exonuclease

Answer 38

Cleaves nucleotides from the end of DNA, oftentimes for mismatch repair

Question 39

One of the post-transcriptional modifications performed by only eukaryotes is ___ ______

Answer 39

RNA splicing

Question 40

RNA splicing

Answer 40

where spliceosomes remove non-coding introns, leaving the final mRNA composed only of functional exons

Question 41

Spliceosomes are proteins that catalyze the removal of introns from _____ transcripts. Because it acts upon mRNA and not _____, it does not contribute to _____ mutations.

Answer 41

mRNA, DNA, DNA

Question 42

_____ during mRNA transcription in eukaryotes primarily serves to stabilize the mRNA molecule.

Answer 42

Polyadenylation

Question 43

eukaryotic transcription occurs where? what does it use?

Answer 43

in the nucleus uses RNA polymerase II to transcribe most genes.

Question 44

Post-transcriptional modifications in Euk

Answer 44

Splicing out introns 5’ capping Polyadenylation of the 3’ end

Question 45

Enhancers bind to what? Silencers bind to what?

Answer 45

Activators Repressors

Question 46

Transcription factors bind to what?

Answer 46

TATA box

Question 47

Euk ribosome size

Answer 47

40S and 60S

Question 48

Prok ribosome size

Answer 48

30S and 50S

Question 49

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Answer 49

is the enzyme that attaches an amino acid to a specific tRNA using the energy from ATP

Question 50

Aminoacyl-tRNA

Answer 50

refers to a tRNA bound to an amino acid.

Question 51

Chaperonins

Answer 51

found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms and function in assisting newly synthesized polypeptides to fold into their correct shape.

Question 52

Transposons

Answer 52

jumping genes!

Question 53

DNA polymerase can contribute to DNA mutations, NOT ____ _____

Answer 53

RNA polymerase!!!!

Question 54

Lysogenic: Lytic:

Answer 54

Lysogenic: dormant, no harm Lytic: active, HARM, lysing