Cellular Injury and Reponse

Question 1

What ways can cells get damaged in the body?

Answer 1

Bruising
Infection
Hypoxia
Anoxia
Chemical exposures
Pressure sores
Drugs

Question 2

What is the role of the sodium potassium pump?

Answer 2

Helps to maintain the osmotic potential of the cell
If it stops functioning normally cellular swelling can occur

Question 3

Cells may not able able to produce enough ATP, which organelle is damaged?

Answer 3

Mitochondria

Question 4

Cells may not be able to produce enough ATP, it could be due to not having enough of which respiratory substrate?

Answer 4

Oxygen and glucose

Question 5

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 5

An increase in number of cells
Cells undergo mitosis more quickly and increasing the number f cels

Question 6

What can abnormal hyperplasia lead to?

Answer 6

The development og tumours via unregulated mitosis

Question 7

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 7

An enlargement of cells in response to additional demand

Question 8

Where does hypertrophy normally occur?

Answer 8

Muscle

Question 9

What is atrophy?

Answer 9

Decrease in either cells size or number

Question 10

When does atrophy happen?

Answer 10

When a limb has been immobilised in plaster

Question 11

What is metaplasia?

Answer 11

A change from one differentiated cell type to another - meta change

Question 12

What is metaplasia seen as?

Answer 12

The precursor to cancer in some tissues

Question 13

What is inflammation?

Answer 13

A response to injury or infection

Question 14

What are side effects of inflammation?

Answer 14

Swelling
Pain
Tenderness
Heat
Redness

Question 15

What is ischemia?

Answer 15

Insufficient blood flow resulting in a lack of oxygenated tissues

Question 16

What is hypoxia?

Answer 16

Not enough oxygen is supplied to the cells in tissues

Question 17

What are symptoms of hypoxia?

Answer 17

Low blood volume
Poor blood flow
Reduced oxygen content of inspired air
Lung disease

Question 18

What is anoxia?

Answer 18

Complete lack of oxygen is supplied to the cells in the tissues

Question 19

What are symptoms of anoxia?

Answer 19

More severe effects that hypoxia

Question 20

What are causes of anoxia and hypoxia?

Answer 20

Blood clot in artery - myocardial infarction
Narrowing of the artery that supplies blood - vascular disease

Question 21

What are health consequences of ischemia?

Answer 21

Repeated cell injury, can lead to atrophy and eventually necrosis of cells in that area

Question 22

What can a nutriential imbalance cause?

Answer 22

Affects the composition of the plasma membrane

Question 23

What can physical trauma cause?

Answer 23

Can break the cell membrane

Question 24

What can extremes of temps cause?

Answer 24

Proteins in the cell to denature

Question 25

What ca immune response cause?

Answer 25

Damage to the cell membrane by wbc

Question 26

What can damage from pathogens cause?

Answer 26

Toxins secreted by pathogens, physical damage by pathogens to membrane

Question 27

What is cellular atrophy?

Answer 27

Decrease in cell size and number

Question 28

What causes cellular atrophy?

Answer 28

Impaired nutrients Oxygen supply Damage done to heart muscle after myocardial infarction or brain tissue after a stroke

Question 29

What a is necrosis?

Answer 29

Unregulated cell death from cell injury

Question 30

What causes necrosis?

Answer 30

Poor nourishment Poor circulation Lack of use Disease of the tissue Loss of nerve stimulation

Question 31

What a happens if cells go through necrosis?

Answer 31

Lack of respiration Stops growing and replacing cells Cells are destroyed and never replenished