Immune Response - Inate Defences

Question 1

What is an antigen?

Answer 1

The surface of our own cells and forgien cells or pathogens are also covered in antigens

Question 2

What are antigens used for?

Answer 2

They act as markers that help to identify each particular type of cell to the hot organism

Question 3

If an antigen is recognised as non self what happens?

Answer 3

The body will treat that cell/ pathogens as non self and indicate an immune response

Question 4

What are some chemical defenses?

Answer 4

Sebum and sweat
Tear duct
Sticky muscous
Stomach acid

Question 5

What do sebum and sweat have?

Answer 5

Anti fungal and antibacterial - decrease the number of pathogens

Question 6

What do the tear ducts do?

Answer 6

Release fluid from the eyes, contains lysozymes able to hydrolyse and destroy them

Question 7

What does mucous have to make it a defence?

Answer 7

Goblet cells

Question 8

What do goblet cells do?

Answer 8

Barrier to prevent bacteria from infecting walls of the digestive track

Question 9

What are the physical defences?

Answer 9

Skin
Nasal hair

Question 10

What does the skin do to defence?

Answer 10

Largest organ
Prevents energy of pathogens

Question 11

What do the nasal hairs do for defence?

Answer 11

Filters out dust and pathogens covered in sticky mucous

Question 12

What are the symptoms of inflammation?

Answer 12

Redness
Pain
Swelling
Heat

Question 13

Why is there vasoconstriction at the start of inflammation?

Answer 13

To reduce blood flow and formation of clot
Prevent spread of pathogens

Question 14

What are histamines?

Answer 14

Chemicals released by mast cells and basophils
Type of wbc

Question 15

What changes to histamines cause?

Answer 15

Dilate local blood vessels - increase blood flow
Increase permeability of cell wall - capillary

Question 16

What happens when endothelial cells in the capillaries shrink?

Answer 16

Open spaced between them

Question 17

What are neutrophils?

Answer 17

Type of wbc

Question 18

Why do white blood cells leave the capillaries during inflammation?

Answer 18

Destroy pathogens
Follow site of infection
For phagocytosis

Question 19

What is is called when white blood cells engulf pathogens?

Answer 19

Phagocytosis

Question 20

Why do people take antihistamine?

Answer 20

Inhibit the inflammation
Reduce inflammatory response

Question 21

What is the role of macrophages?

Answer 21

phagocytosis of the pathogens, the macrophages then fuse its lysosome to the pathogen, destroying it

Question 22

What can a macrophage also do?

Answer 22

Turn into an antigen presenting cell and can stimulate the helper T cells

Question 23

What is the role of a basophil?

Answer 23

Releases histamine, heparin and serotonin

Question 24

What does histamine do?

Answer 24

Causes inflammation

Question 25

What does heparin do?

Answer 25

Stops clotting

Question 26

What does serotonin do?

Answer 26

Makes capillaries leaky

Question 27

Where can basophils move?

Answer 27

the bloodstream

Question 28

What is the role of a mast cell?

Answer 28

Releases histamine to cause inflammation

Question 29

Where do mast cells go?

Answer 29

They are stationary in the body

Question 30

What is the role of eosinophils?

Answer 30

Carry out phagocytosis, specialises in destroying parasites like parasitic worms

Question 31

What can eosinophils also do?

Answer 31

Reduce inflammation

Question 32

What is the role of natural killer cells?

Answer 32

Searching for and destroying abnormal bod cells that have a virus or have mutated

Question 33

Who are the natural killer cells targets?

Answer 33

Not selective about their target

Question 34

When a pathogen is destroyed where is it presented?

Answer 34

On the cell surface membrane of the macrophage

Question 35

What does a specific T lymphocyte bind to

Answer 35

Presented antigen via its complementary receptor

Question 36

What do cytotoxic T cells release?

Answer 36

Toxins that destroy abnormal body cells such as infected cells or cancer cells

Question 37

Where do long lived cells remain?

Answer 37

In the circulation in case of future reinfections by the same antigen

Question 38

What is the humoral repsonse?

Answer 38

The activation and production of specific B lymphocytes, to produce antibodies for specific and non self antigens

Question 39

What is agglutination?

Answer 39

Antibodies bind to the antigens on pathogens, forming an antigen antibody complex, this makes them clump together and target them for destruction

Question 40

What does a specific helper T cell activate?

Answer 40

Specific B lymphocyte with a complementary antibody to the original non self antigen

Question 41

What does the B lymphocyte do?

Answer 41

Rapidly divides by mitosis, the cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells

Question 42

What does cell membrane damage cause from antibodies?

Answer 42

Bacteria cell lysis leading to its destruction