Cellular Respiration + Fermentation Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
a substance that causes oxidation by accepting electrons; therefore, it gets reduced
A
oxidizing agents
2
Q
a substance that causes reduction by losing electrons; therefore it gets oxidized
A
reducing agents
3
Q
Converts solar energy into chemical energy (PGAL —> Glucose)
A
Photosynthesis
4
Q
Breaks down Glucose into usable energy (ATP) for the cell.
A
Cellular Respiration
5
Q
What intermediate products does Photosynthesis use?
A
NADPH and ATP
6
Q
What intermediate products does Cellular Respiration use?
A
FADH2, ATP and NADH (are all electron/energy carriers)
7
Q
What is the usable form of energy that our bodies can use?
A
ATP!!
8
Q
Cellular respiration is the process by which our bodies break down the ingested _______ and convert it into ATP
A
Glucose
9
Q
Releases energy by oxidizing it
A
Cellular Respiration
10
Q
During Cellular Respiration, what is removed?
A
Electrons
11
Q
During Cellular Respiration, what is released?
A
Energy
12
Q
During Cellular Respiration, what is produced?
A
CO2 and H2O
13
Q
What is Aerobic Respiration?
A
Respiration that requires oxygen to produce ATP
14
Q
What is Anaerobic Respiration?
A
Respiration that does not require oxygen to produce ATP
15
Q
(True or False) Some organisms including humans can do Anaerobic Respiration.
A
True
16
Q
What are the 3 pathways for energy release?
A
- Aerobic Cellular Respiration
- Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
- Fermentation
17
Q
What are the steps involved/metabolic pathways for Aerobic Respiration?
A
- Glycolysis
- Kreb’s Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
18
Q
The complete oxidation of Glucose to release energy.
A
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
19
Q
Glucose is oxidized to form..
A
CO2
20
Q
O2 is reduced to form..
A
H2O
21
Q
Hydrogen is transferred from Glucose to Oxygen bringing Electrons with it which provide energy for..
A
ATP Synthesis
22
Q
By oxidizing Glucose, respiration takes energy out of storage and makes it available for..
A
ATP Synthesis
23
Q
What is the formula for Glucose?
A
C6H12O6
24
Q
Formula for Aerobic Respiration;
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> ?
A
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
25
Where does Glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
26
During Glycolysis, Glucose is split into two 3-carbon sugars (PGAL) which are then ________ to form 2 Pyruvate molecules
Oxidized
27
During Glycolysis, released energy will create ATP and ____.
NADH
28
What 2 molecules split Glucose during Glycolysis?
ATP
29
During Glycolysis, 2 NADH is formed from..
2 e- + 2H+ + 2NAD
30
During Glycolysis, 4 ATP is formed from..
4ADP + 4Pi
31
What is the net of ATP during Glycolysis?
2
32
What are the Glycolysis inputs?
1 Glucose
2 NAD+
2 ATP
4 ADP + 4Pi
33
What are the Glycolysis outputs?
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH
4 ATP (2 ATP Net)
2 H2O
34
What is the start of the Aerobic Cellular Respiration (and Fermentation)
Glycolysis
35
Happens in the Cytoplasm
Glycolysis
36
If not enough oxygen available, ____________ occurs
Fermentation
37
If enough oxygen is available, pyruvate moves into the ____________ and enter the Kreb’s Cycle
Mitochondria
38
During Glycolysis, a small amount of ATP is generated and NAD+ is reduced to..
NADH
39
Is Glycolysis a Aerobic or Anaerobic reaction?
Anaerobic
40
Where is Pyruvate Oxidation located?
The Matrix
41
A series of reactions which yield carbon dioxide (1 carbon) and Acetyl-CoA (2 carbons)
Pyruvate Oxidation / Kreb Prep
42
In the forming of Acetyl CoA, 2NAD+ is reduced to..
2NADH
43
What is removed from each Pyruvate and released as Waste?
Carbon Dioxide
44
During Pyruvate Oxidation, the remaining C2 compound becomes what group?
Acetate
45
During Pyruvate Oxidation, the Acetate group joins with a co-enzyme to form what?
Acetyl CoA
46
What are the inputs of Pyruvate Oxidation?
2 Pyruvate
2 CoA
2 NAD+
47
What are the outputs of Pyruvate Oxidation?
2 CO2 (diffuse out as waste)
2 Acetyl CoA (goes to Kreb)
2 NADH (goes to ETC)
48
What is the Citric Acid Cycle also known as?
The Krebs Cycle
49
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
The Matrix of the Mitochondria
50
What is a Reactant?
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction
51
Why is the Krebs Cycle cyclic?
The product of the last step (Oxaloacetate) is a reactant in the first step
52
How does Acetyl-CoA enter the Krebs Cycle?
It is combined with a four-carbon compound (Oxaloacetate)
53
How many Carbon atoms in the Kreb Cycle are fully Oxidized to Carbon Dioxide?
Two
54
During the Krebs Cycle, NAD+ and FAD are reduced to..
NADH and FADH2
55
What is Citrate Synthase?
The C6 in the Krebs Cycle
56
What leaves at the beginning of the Krebs Cycle?
CoA
57
What are the inputs of the Krebs Cycle?
2 Acetyl CoA
6 NAD+
2 FAD+
2 ADP + 2P
58
What are the outputs of the Krebs Cycle?
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
59
By the end of the Krebs Cycle how many Carbon atoms have been oxidized CO2?
6 (2 from Krebs Prep and 4 from Krebs Cycle)
60
By the end of the Krebs Cycle, all that is left is free energy (___) and high energy (____ and _____)
ATP, NADH AND FADH2
61
State where the reactions of the Krebs cycle of occur in a cell.
Matrix
62
What compound that is derived from glucose actually enters the Krebs cycle.
Pyruvate
63
____ and _____ from the Krebs Cycle donate their electrons to the electron carriers in the Electron Transport Chain
NADH and FADH2
64
During the Electron Transport Chain, as electrons are passed from one carrier to the next, the energy that is released is used to pump ________ ____ across the mitochondrial inner membrane into the inter-membrane space, creating a concentration gradient.
Hydrogen Ions
65
During the Electron Transport Chain, the energy stored in the gradient is used to generate ATP by what?
Chemiosmosis
66
During the Electron Transport Chain, what is the final electron acceptor?
O2
67
During the Electron Transport Chain, NADH and FADH2 are ________ (lose electrons) by the first protein complex of the electron transport chain
Oxidized
68
During the Electron Transport Chain, the electrons oxidized from NADH and FADH2 are progressively passed along a series of electron carrier ________ (reduced).
Proteins
69
What is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen
70
During the Electron Transport Chain, once oxygen has received the electrons, they combine with H+ to form what?
H2O (product of cellular respiration)
71
What is the product of Cellular Respiration?
H2O and CO2
72
As electrons move down the ETC the protein complexes use energy released from the electrons to actively transport H+ IONS from the matrix to the inter-membrane space creating what kind of gradient?
Proton Gradient
73
During Chemiosmosis (The Electron Transport Chain), the build-up of H+ outside the matrix result in what?
1. Hydrogen Gradient
2. Electrochemical Gradient
74
(Chemiosmosis) What is it called when there are more H+ in the inter-membrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix?
Hydrogen Gradient
75
(Chemiosmosis) What is it called when the excess H+ in the inter-membrane space causes it to become more positively charged and the matrix to become more negatively charged?
Electrochemical Gradient
76
(Chemiosmosis) Because a Electrochemical gradient is caused, what needs to return to the matrix in order to restore balance?
H+
77
(Chemiosmosis) What is the only way for H+ to get out of the inter-membrane space and back into the matrix?
Through an enzyme called ATP Synthase
78
(Chemiosmosis) What does H+ moving through the ATP Synthase drive the making of?
ATP!!
79
What are inputs of ETC (Electron Transport Chain)?
10 NADH
2 Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate oxidation
2 Krebs cycle
2 FADH2
80
What are outputs of ETC (Electron Transport Chain)?
10 NAD+
2 FAD
6 H2O
32-24 ATP
81
After all the steps in Cellular Respiration, how many ATP are
synthesized?
36-38 ATP
82
How many ATPs does 1 NADH equal to?
3 ATP
83
How many ATPs does 1 FADH2 equal to?
2 ATP
84
Where does Aerobic Respiration occur?
In the mitochondria of plant and animal cells
85
What are the 4 stages of Aerobic Respiration?
1. Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
2. Pyruvate Oxidation/Krebs Prep (Mitochondria Matrix)
3. Krebs Cycle (Mitochondria Matrix)
4. ETC (Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria)
86
What does Aerobic Respiration result in?
6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38ATP
87
Allows organisms to recycle NADH without O2 by passing electrons to different organic molecules instead of the ETC.
Anaerobic Respiration
88
What are the two main types of Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation?
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2. Alcohol Fermentation
89
Lactic Acid Fermentation only occurs in what cells?
Animal Cells
90
Alcohol Fermentation only occurs in what cells?
Plant Cells
91
Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation in both types begins with what stage?
Glycolysis
92
_______/_______ Fermentation
1. Glycolysis
2. Ethanol Fermentation
- Glucose —> Pyruvate —> Ethanol + CO2
Alcohol/Ethanol
93
In yeast growing anaerobically, what is pyruvate converted to?
Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol
94
Which fermentation method recycles NAD+ to glycolysis to produce ATP?
Alcohol/Ethanol Fermentation
95
How many ATP are produced by Alcohol/Ethanol Fermentation?
Only 2 ATP are produced
96
When are animal cells engaged in Anaerobic Respiration/Lactic Acid Fermentation?
Times of high ATP usage, when Aerobic respiration alone isn’t enough (Ex. strenuous exercise).
97
The accumulation of ______ ____/Lactate in muscles causes stiffness, soreness, and fatigue.
Lactic Acid
98
During ______ ____ Fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate and the reduced NADH is re-oxidized so that glycolysis can continue.
Lactic Acid
99
How many ATP are produced by Lactic Acid Fermentation?
Only 2 ATP are produced
