Essentials Nutrients + Enzymes V2 Flashcards
1
Q
Assembling Macromolecules is a ___________ synthesis chemical reaction
A
Dehydration
2
Q
While Assembling Macromolecules, a ________ bond is formed between 2 subunit molecules
A
Covalent
3
Q
While Assembling Macromolecules (a dehydration synthesis reaction), what molecule is removed?
A
A water molecule!!
4
Q
Disassembling Macromolecules is considered a __________ chemical bond.
A
Hydrolysis
5
Q
While Disassembling Macromolecules, is water added or taken away?
A
water is added
6
Q
While Disassembling Macromolecules, a covalent bond between what is broken?
A
two subunits
7
Q
The substances that provides the raw materials required for cell metabolism and growth
A
Nutrients
8
Q
What are the 3 major groups of nutrients?
A
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
9
Q
What are the two Chemicals of Life?
A
- Vitamins and Minerals
- Nucleic Acids
10
Q
Helps in chemical reactions
A
Vitamins and Minerals
11
Q
- Make up DNA
- The genetic material that directs cell activity
- Composed of sugar, phosphate and nitrogen bases
A
Nucleic Acids
12
Q
Which nutrient group is the fastest source of energy?
A
Carbonhydrates
13
Q
(True/False) The body doesn’t make carbs so you have to get them from your diet.
A
True (you can get them from potatoes, bread, corn, rice, and fruit).
14
Q
Which Nutrient group contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1 / C6H12O6)
A
Carbohydrates
15
Q
What are the two categories of Carbohydrates?
A
Simple Sugars and Complex Sugars
16
Q
What are the common carbs (carbohydrates)?
A
- Glucose (blood sugar)
- Fructose (plants sugar in fruit)
- Deoxyribose (sugar component of DNA)
- Cellulose (cell wall component)
17
Q
Single sugar unit
A
Monosaccharide
18
Q
Simple sugars all have the same _________ _______, C6H12O6, but the structural arrangement differs (Eg. glucose, fructose, galactose)
A
Molecular Formula
19
Q
Two simple sugar units
A
Disaccharide
20
Q
What are the Simple Sugars?
A
- Disaccharide (two simple sugar units)
- Sucrose (white table sugar) = glucose + fructose
- Maltose (malt sugar) = glucose + glucose
- Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose
21
Q
What are the Complex Sugars?
A
- Polysaccharides (many linked simple sugars)
- Starch (energy storage in plants)
- Glycogen (energy storage in animals)
- Cellulose (component of plant cell walls)
22
Q
Which Nutrient group is insoluble in water?
A
Lipids
23
Q
Which Nutrient group stores 2.25x or more energy/gram than any other molecule?
A
Lipids
24
Q
Which Nutrient group is the component of cell membranes (Cushion organs, Carriers for vitamins A, D, E, and K, Raw material for the synthesis of hormones, Insulates against the cold)?
A
Lipids
25
Which Nutrient group is composed of Glycerol and Fatty Acids combined by dehydration synthesis?
Lipids
26
How many Glycerol and Fatty Acids compose Lipids?
1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids
27
A lipid composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids
Triglycerides
28
Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature
Fats
29
Are Fats made up of single bonds or double bonds?
Single Bonds
30
What bonds between carbon atoms are stable and hard to break down?
Single Bond
31
Lipids: Fats are also known as what?
Saturated Fats (Eg. Animal fats like butter)
32
Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature
Oils
33
Are Oils made up of single bonds or double bonds?
Double bonds!!
34
What bonds between carbon atoms are reactive and easily broken?
Double Bonds!!
35
Lipids: Oils are also known as what?
Unsaturated Fats (Eg. Plant fats, Olive oil)
36
Lipid that is a component of Cell Membranes
- Phosphate group
- Glycerol backbone of the molecule
- Hydrophilic Head
- Hydrophobic Tail
- Soluble in water
Phospholipids
37
Are Phospholipids soluble in water?
YES
38
What does Hydrophilic mean?
Likes water
39
What does Hydrophobic mean?
Does not like water
40
The predominate part of Muscles, skin, nerves, and hair, Organelles, Antibodies, and Enzymes.
Protein
41
Which Nutrients group provides energy for the tissues although energy production is not the main function?
Protein
42
Which Nutrients group is composed of building blocks called amino acids (aa)?
Proteins
43
What are Amino acids made up of?
Amino Group (NH2), Carboxyl Group (COOH), and R Groups
44
What do R groups in Amino Acids represent?
A number of different structures which differentiate one aa from another
45
The covalent bond that is formed between the carboxyl group of one aa and the amino group of another aa is called what?
a peptide bond!!
46
Chains of aa (Amino Acids) are called what?
Polypeptides
47
When aa are joined together, a water molecule is removed. What kind of reaction is this?
Dehydration Synthesis
48
The body is capable of making many aa needed to make proteins BUT it’s unable to make 8 aa which must be obtained from food called…
Essential aa
49
The sequence of AA (Amino Acids) are determined by what?
Genes
50
Is denaturation reversible?
YES
51
Physical or Chemical Factors that disrupt bonds and causes changes in the shape of the protein. Once the factors are removed, the protein turns back to normal. This is called..
Denaturation
52
What can change a protein’s shape temporarily?
- Exposed to excess heat
- Radiation
- Change in pH
53
A permanent change in protein shape (Eg. boiling an egg).
Coagulation
54
When Simple Carbs (reducing sugars) are present with Benedict’s solution, what colour does it turn into?
Orange/Green
55
When Complex Carbs (starch, cellulose) are present with Iodine, what colour does it turn into?
Black
56
When Lipids are present with brown paper, what results are expected?
The brown paper would turn translucent
57
When Proteins are present with Biuret Agent, what colour does it turn into?
Violet/Pink
58
What are two ways to increase the rate of reactions?
1. Increase Temperature
2. Catalyst
59
Human body functions at what specific temperature?
37’c
60
What is the problem with increasing body temperature to increase the rate of reactions?
Speeding reactions in your body will damage proteins and destroy body cells. (High fevers can be fatal)
61
Catalysts that speed up rate of reaction in your body
Enzymes
62
Enzymes (Catalysts) increase rate of reaction without increasing ___________.
Temperature
63
(True/False) Enzymes are not consumed or changed in the reaction, so it can be used again.
True
64
What are proteins specialized for specific tasks (Eg. Sucrase breaks down Sucrose, Lipases break down Lipids)?
Enzymes
65
All chemical reactions in living organisms require _______ to work.
Enzymes
66
What are the three functions of Enzymes?
1. Building molecules (synthesis)
2. Breaking down molecules (digestion)
3. Speed up reactions (catalysts)
67
Enzymes are Protein _________
Catalysts
68
Enzymes reduce the reaction’s what?
Activation Energy
69
The molecule on which an enzyme works
Substrate
70
(True/False) Each substrate molecule combines with a specific enzyme.
True
71
Enzymes can change the Substrate molecules during a reaction and a _______ is formed.
Product
72
The area that joins the enzyme with the substrate molecule
Active Site
73
Has a lock and key mechanism
Enzyme’s Active Site
74
Each Enzyme has a specific shaped active site that provides a “dock” for specific what?
Substrates
75
When the Enzyme temporarily joins with the Substrate, what does it form?
A Enzyme-Substrate Complex
76
What factors affect Enzyme reactions?
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Substrate Molecule Concentration
4. Competitive Inhibitors
5. Non-Competitive Inhibitors
77
When the body temperature is too high, what happens to the bonds (enzyme reaction)?
Bonds are too weak to maintain enzyme shape.
78
When the body temperature is too low, what happens to the bonds (enzyme reaction)?
Bonds are not flexible to enable the substrate to fit properly
79
Most humans function optimally with a pH between…
6-8
80
The greater the number of substrate molecules -> the greater the number of collisions which result in..
The greater the rate of the reaction
81
Molecules that have shapes similar to that of the substrate.
- Compete with the substrate molecules for the active sites of the enzyme
Competitive Inhibitors
82
Binds to the enzyme not at its active site.
- Changes the shape and active site of the enzyme, making the substrate unable to bind.
Non-Competitive Inhibitors
83
When product of the first reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction.
Series of Enzymatic Reactions
84
What is feedback inhibition?
Creating and using non-competitive inhibitors to regulate enzyme reactions
85
Feedback Inhibition slows the reaction rate and prevents further accumulation of final ________.
Products
86
What part of an enzyme binds to the substrate?
Active site
87
(True/False) The shape of the active site is constantly changing, allowing the enzyme to bind many different substrates, catalyzing many different chemical reactions.
False
88
(True/False) When a substrate encounters the active site of its enzyme, the substrate and enzyme become held together by weak chemical bonds.
True
89
(True/False) The active site of an enzyme is specific, recognizing only one particular substrate
True
