Ingestion + Digestion Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Taking in Nutrients
A
Ingestion
2
Q
Breakdown of Nutrients
A
Digestion
3
Q
What are the two types of digestion?
A
- Physical/Mechanical Digestion
- Chemical (enzymes) Digestion
4
Q
Transportation of digested nutrients via blood
A
Absorption
5
Q
Removal of undigested waste
A
Elimination
6
Q
The human digestive tract is how long?
A
About 6.5m to 9m long
7
Q
What are the 4 components of Digestion?
A
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Elimination
8
Q
What type of Digestion is the mouth?
A
Physical/Chemical Digestion
9
Q
Where does digestion begin?
A
In the Mouth
10
Q
Food is chewed to form a what?
A
Bolus
11
Q
Breaking down food into smaller pieces increases what for chemical digestion?
A
Surface Area
12
Q
Fluid produced by Salvary Glands
A
Saliva
13
Q
What are the two functions of Saliva?
A
- Contains Salivary Amylase enzymes which breaks down complex carbs (chemical digestion)
- Dissolves food particles (flavour receptors on tongue, lubricates food)
14
Q
Tube from mouth to stomach
A
Esophagus
15
Q
Food bolus enters the esophagus and activates what?
A
- Walls of the esophagus to stretch
- Peristalsis
16
Q
What is it called when the smooth muscle that lines the esophagus involuntarily contracts to help move the food?
A
Peristalsis
17
Q
Food entry into the stomach is controlled by the ring like muscular structure called what?
A
Esophageal Sphincter
18
Q
- J-shaped organ
- Site of food storage and initial (chemical) protein digestion
A
Stomach
19
Q
What is the pH range in the stomach?
A
1.0 to 3.0 (Acidic)
20
Q
The folded layers in the stomach increases what?
A
Surface Area
21
Q
How is physical digestion happening in the stomach?
A
Churning of food by stomach muscles
22
Q
What controls the emptying of stomach contents into the small intestine?
A
Pyloric Sphincter
23
Q
What secrets Gastric Juices?
A
Cells lining the stomach
24
Q
What contributes to the chemical digestion of food and converts it into Chyme?
A
Stomach
25
Kills harmful substances and converts pepsinogen into its active form “pepsin”
HCL (Hydrochloric Acid)
26
Protein digesting enzyme
Pepsin
27
Protective alkaline layer that prevents stomach from being broken down by HCL (catalyst for pepsinogen)
Mucus
28
What is it called when the Mucous layer in the stomach breaks down and the stomach wall is exposed to HCL and pepsin?
Ulcers
29
What are the 3 sections the Small Intestine is composed of?
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
30
What is the first part of the small intestine?
Duodenum
31
Which section of the Small Intestine is where most digestion occurs?
The Duodenum
32
Chyme (from stomach) moves through the Small Intestine by what?
Peristalsis
33
Physical Digestion = ____________ = Chyme sloshing back and forth
Segmentation
34
Ridged inner lining of the Small Intestine are covered in tiny projections called what?
Villi
35
What are Villi covered in?
Microvilli
36
What does Villi and Microvilli increase in the Small Intestine?
Absorptive Surface Area
37
Each Villus (Villi) is supplied with capillary network and lymph vessels called what?
Lacteals
38
Lacteals transport products of what?
Fat Digestion
39
Allows fluid and gas exchange to occur with the blood stream
Capillary
40
Releases enzymes to the Small Intestine
Pancreas
41
What do the Enzymes released by Pancreas chemically digest?
1. Proteins (by Trypsin)
2. Carbs (by Amylase)
3. Lipids (by Lipase)
42
During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, Chyme enters Small Intestine soaked in HCL and ______ from gastric secretions
Pepsin
43
During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, the HCL triggers the conversion of the hormone Prosecretin into what?
Secretin
44
During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, what tells Pancreas to release Bicarbonate (base) ions (HCO3-)?
Secretin
45
During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, what is the role of Bicarbonate Ions (HCO3-)?
To increase the pH from 2.0 to 9.0 (becomes more basic).
- secreted from pancreas
46
During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, Bicarbonate Ions increase the pH from 2.0 to 9.0 (base) which inactivates what?
Pepsin
47
During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, Trypsinogen gets converted into Trypsin by the enzyme ____________.
Enterokinase (Secreted by the Small Intestine)
48
During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, what is secreted by the Pancreas?
Trypsinogen and Trypsin (<- converted by Enterokinase)
49
During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, Trypsinogen converts to Trypsin by the enzyme Enterkinase and breaks down Long Chain Proteins with what type of digestion?
Chemical Digestion
50
During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, EREPSIN completes the protein digestion by breaking down the shorter chain Peptides, converting them into what?
Amino Acids!!!
51
During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, what is Erepsin secreted by?
Both the Pancreas and Small Intestine
52
What are short chains of Amino Acids linked by Peptide Bonds called?
Peptides
53
During Carbohydrate digestion in the Small Intestine, the Pancreas releases an enzyme called what?
Amylase
54
During Carbohydrate digestion in the Small Intestine, chemical digestion of complex carbs into _______________ is continued.
Monosaccharides
55
During Carbohydrate digestion, the Small Intestine releases _____________ enzymes to break Complex Carbs down into Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
56
During Lipid digestion in the Small Intestine, what releases Lipases which break down Lipids (fats)?
Pancreas!!
57
During Lipid digestion in the Small Intestine, what are the two types of Lipases released by the Pancreas?
1. Pancreatic Lipase
2. Phospholipases
58
During Lipid digestion in the Small Intestine, which type of Lipase breaks down fats into Fatty Acids and Glycerol?
Pancreatic Lipase
59
During Lipid digestion in the Small Intestine, which type of Lipase breaks down Phospholipids?
Phospholipases
60
In the Digestive system, which organ breaks down components of Hemoglobin from blood?
Liver!!
61
In the Digestive system, which organ converts Glycogen to Glucose and Glucose to Glycogen depending on the bodies’ blood sugar needs?
Liver!!
62
In the Digestive system, which organ stores vitamins A, B12, and D?
Liver!!
63
In the Digestive system, which organ Detoxifies harmful substances in the body by making them soluble (and therefore will dissolve in blood and eliminates in Urine)?
Liver!!
64
In the Digestive system, which organ secretes Bile?
Liver!!
65
What is Bile made up of?
Bile pigments (waste products) and bile salts
66
A fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the Gallbladder.
- Helps with Digestion (breaks down fats into Fatty Acids)
Bile!!!
67
In the Digestive system, the Liver produces Bile Salts which are stored in which organ when not needed?
The Gallbladder
68
During the Digestive system, when fats are present in the Small Intestine, hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by the Small Intestine to trigger the release of what?
Bile Salts from the Gallbladder
69
In the Digestive system, what emulsifies large fat globules into smaller droplets (= greater surface area for lipases to digest)?
Bile Salts
70
Hard masses in the Gallbladder
Gallstones
71
What’s the problem with Gallstones?
- Cholesterol in Bile can precipitate out and form crystals
- Block bile duct
- Impairs fat digestion
72
Build up of Bile Pigments in blood
Jaundice
73
Chronic inflammation of liver (due to major damage)
Cirrhosis
74
Alcohol and Hepatitis C can destroy liver tissue and cause what?
Cirrhosis (chronic inflammation of liver)
75
(True/False) Digestion occurs in the Large Intestine
False
76
In the Digestive system, which organ concentrates and eliminates wastes?
The Large Intestine
77
In the Large Intestine, undigested chyme is passed down to the what?
Colon
78
In the Large Intestine, water and salts are absorbed and bacteria (ex. coli) try to digest the remaining what?
Waste
79
In the Large Intestine, remaining undigested waste and bacteria pass to the what?
Rectum
80
What cannot be broken down by humans but provides “roughage (fibre)”
Cellulose
81
As waste builds up in the Large Intestine, receptors provide information to the central nervous system to prompt bowel movement. Feces moves out anus via ___________.
Peristalsis
82
Produced as the walls of the stomach are distended (swollen) by presence of food.
Gastrin
83
Gastrin signals the parietal cells of the stomach to release what?
HCL (aq)
84
Released from Duodenum when stomach acid and chyme move from the stomach to the Small Intestine
Secretin
85
Secretin inhibits contraction of the stomach to prevent additional _____ from entering the Duodenum
Chyme
86
Secretin initiates release of ___________ from the Pancreas that raise the pH of Small Intestine
Bicarbonate
87
Released from Duodenum after consumption of a fatty meal.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
88
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates Gallbladder to bio salts into the duodenum to digest what?
fats
89
Cholecystokinin (CCK) _____ digestion and allows more time for fat to be digested and absorbed
Slows
90
Stomach
1. ______ (hormone) -> released in response to a stretch in the stomach. The stomach releases more ___.
2. The pH of the stomach is _ to _.
Gastrin, HCL, 2 to 3
91
Most digestion occurs in the first portion of the Small Intestine, which is referred to as the ________.
Duodenum
92
Dealing with Acidity
1. ___________ --> Secretin (hormone) when ___ is added. Secretin tells the ________ to release Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
2. GOAL: __________ the HCL so it doesn't affect the lining of the small intestine. The pH of the small intestine is now closer to _.
Prosecretin, HCL, Pancreas, Neutralize, 8
93
Protein Digestion
1. _______ : Pepsin —> Breaks down proteins
2. Small Intestine: ___________ (from Pancreas) is converted to Trypsin (Enzyme) using ____________ —> breaks down proteins
3. Small Intestine: _______ (enzyme) —> converts Polypeptides to Amino Acids. Secreted by both the Pancreas and Small Intestine.
4. Amino Acids are absorbed in the Villi and moved into the _____ ______.
Prosecretin, Trypsinogen, Enterokinase, Erepsin, Blood Stream
94
Carbohydrate Digestion
1. (Mouth): Salivary _______ —> begins process.
2. (Small Intestine): Pancreatic Amylase (from ________) converts carbohydrates to Disaccharides.
3. (Small Intestine): ______________ —> converts disaccharides to monosaccharides
4. Monosaccharides are absorbed in the _____ and move into the blood stream.
Amylase, Pancreas, Disaccharidase, Villi, Blood Stream
95
Lipid Digestion
1. (Small Intestine): Pancreatic Lipase (from ________) —> converts Fats to Fatty Acids and ________.
2. (Small Intestine): Phospholipase (from pancreas) —> breaks down phospholipids.
3. Fats are absorbed into the Villi and move into the ________ (lymph system) before moving into the blood stream.
Pancreas, Glycerol, Lacteals
96
Presence of Fats in Small Intestine Results in:
1. Small Intestine releases ___ —> release of ____ salts (emulsify fats). Bile is made in the _____ and stored in the __________.
2. ______________ (hormone) released to slow down digestion.
CCK, Bile, Liver, Gallbladder, Enterogastrone
97
Which Nutrient moves to the bloodstream the fastest?
Carbohydrates
98
What are examples of Carbohydrase?
- Amylase
- Disaccharide Enzymes (Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase)
99
What are examples of Protease?
- Pepsin (Pepsinogen + HCL)
- Trypsin (Trypsinogen + Enterokinase in SI)
- Erepsin
100
Where is Amylase produced?
Saliva and Pancreas
101
Where are Disaccharide Enzymes produced?
Small Intestine
102
Where is Pepsin produced?
Stomach
103
Where is Trypsin produced?
Pancreas
104
Where is Erepsin produced?
Pancreas and Small Intestine (Ileum)
105
Where is Lipase produced?
Pancreas
106
Amylase Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?
Complex Carbs —> Disaccharides
107
Disaccharide Enzymes Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?
Disaccharides —> Monosaccharides
108
Pepsin Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?
Polypeptides —> Peptides
109
Trypsin Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?
Polypeptides —> Peptides
110
Erepsin Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?
Peptides —> Amino Acids
111
Lipase Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?
Fat droplets —> Fatty Acids + Glycerol
