Cerebral Cortex & Thalamus

Question 1

what is the cerebral cortex

Answer 1

regional specialised of function

Question 2

what is the thalamus

Answer 2

relay and integration en route to cortex

Question 3

what are the lobes of the brain

Answer 3

frontal 
occipital
parietal
temporal
insula

Question 4

what are the 6 layers of the cortex

Answer 4

molecular
ext granular
ext pyramidal
int granular
int pyramidal 
multiform layer

Question 5

what layers have input and outputs in the cortex

Answer 5

ext granular - local input

ext pyramidal - local output

int granular - thalamus input

int pyramidal - sp cord output

Question 6

what are the 3 main constituents of the cortex

Answer 6

processes
cell bodies
myelin

Question 7

what are the cerebral cortex specialisation - 2 classes

Answer 7

primary cortex - exit (motor) and entry points (sensory)

association cortex - interpretation, integration, complex processing adjacent to primary

Question 8

what si the majority of cortex

Answer 8

association cortex

Question 9

what are brodmann areas

Answer 9

subtle differences in structure

map that relates to function

Question 10

what is the visual cortex in terms of brodmann area

Answer 10

primary area 17

Question 11

what is the primary motor complex

Answer 11

pre central gyrus
more direct control of motor activity
force direction and speed muscle contraction

Question 12

what are motor association cortex regions

Answer 12

organisation of complex movements

Question 13

what are the motor association cortex regions

Answer 13

supplementary motor area
diff areas for simple move
plan and rehearsing

premotor cortex - prep for action posture and gait

Question 14

primary somatosensory cortex diff body regions rep by

Answer 14

homunculus

Question 15

where is the primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 15

at central sulcus

Question 16

what is the somatosensory cortex

Answer 16

diff modalities in diff regions of primary somatosensory cortex

Question 17

where is association somatosensory cortex

Answer 17

sup pariteal lobule

Question 18

what is the association somatosensory cortex used for

Answer 18

awareness/ perception in space

Question 19

what si imp about pre-frontal region

Answer 19

association cortex

Question 20

what are some of the prefrontal lobes changes when damaged

Answer 20

personality changes
deficits in planning/judgment
preservation
primitive reflexes
abulia slow intellect

Question 21

what is expressive aphasia

Answer 21

language is reduced to disjointed words and sentence construction is poor
comprehension is ok

Question 22

what is tans brain

Answer 22

broca’s area lesion (csyphillus)

Question 23

what is receptive aphasia

Answer 23

unable to comprehend meaningful language damage to wernickes area

Question 24

what is split brain

Answer 24

left - language and calculation

right - drawing, music, spatial perception

Question 25

what is cerebral corte specialisation

Answer 25

many of th 4% with right sided language control have damaged left hemispheres switch sides

Question 26

what is brain plasticity

Answer 26

how the bain can adapt e.g. cab drivers | also seen in dendrites potentiation learned behaviour

Question 27

what is synaesthesia

Answer 27

stimulus received in one sensory modality gives rise to an experience in another smell blue....

Question 28

what si the thalamus essentially

Answer 28

collection of nuclei (grey matter)

Question 29

what does the thalamus do

Answer 29

rely and processes sensory and motor info en-route to cortex

Question 30

what do each nucleus of the thalamus do

Answer 30

each communicates to the cortex with related function

Question 31

where is the thalamus

Answer 31

``` post hypothalamus sup midbrain near pineal gland which is post to thalamus has inter thalamic adhesion below telencephlon ```

Question 32

what features surround thalamus

Answer 32

putamen caudate nucleus internal capsule

Question 33

wat kind of matter is internal capsule

Answer 33

white matter

Question 34

what is the link between the two thalamus segments

Answer 34

inter thalamic adhesion

Question 35

what is the cushioned bit at bottom of thalus

Answer 35

pulvinar

Question 36

what can be seen below thalamus

Answer 36

3rd vent

Question 37

what is the substantial nigra

Answer 37

``` below thalamus in mesencephalon (midbrain) assc function reward and movement ```

Question 38

what is the thalamus communication with primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 38

Ventroposteriolateral (VPL) connects to post central gyrus for sensory from body ventroposteriomedial (VPM) sensory form head

Question 39

what is the thalamus communication with primary visual cortex

Answer 39

lateral geniculate body at back thalamus relay vision from eyes to visual cortex in occipital lobe

Question 40

what does the medial geniculate body do of the thalamus

Answer 40

primary auditory relay sensation

Question 41

what are the thalamic communications to the motor cortex

Answer 41

motor feedback from basal ganglia and cerebellum | through Ventrolateral segment of thalamus

Question 42

what are the thalamic nuclei

Answer 42

anterior - memory instinctive behaviour dorsomedial - emotional/subjective responses intralaminar - pain aorusal