Ch 10 Circulatory System Flashcards

Question

What are basophils

Answer 1

<1% of WBCs Release substances such as histamine, which promotes inflammation Release heparin, which is an anticoagulant to prevent blood clot formation nucleus is bilobed but looks like it takes over the whole cell , stains blue in basic stain liver and lungs have the most basophils Do not phagocytize - they swell the area by histamine

Answer 2

8% of wbcs - very big kidney shaped almost take over the cell with mononucleus - bean shaped Agranulocytes - cytoplasmic granules are absent Active and quite large called (macrophages) when they leave the blood vessel and enter tissues 2-3 times larger than RBC. Nucleus can be spherical or lobed. phagocytizes large particles - primary function they engulf not only pathogens but also old RBC increase in chronic infection - TB LARGEST WBC

Answer 3

``` 25-33% of wbcs only a little larger than wbcs. the nucleus almost fills the whole cell but you can see a little cytoplasm - less than mono and more than baso dense round nucleus Produce Ab - lives the longest provides immunity T cell, b-Cell and NK cell increase in viral infections ```

Answer 4

A normal WBC count is between 5.0 and 10.0 cells per 10 to the 9 per liter Significantly elevated = leukocytosis Infection, by cancer, and by some drugs Below normal = leukopenia Viral infections or congenital bone marrow disorders, cancer, immune disorders, and some drugs A differential WBC count lists the percentages of the different types of leukocytes in a sample of blood

Answer 5

Number of neutrophils increases

Answer 6

Monocytes increase

Answer 7

Eosinophil numbers increase

Answer 8

Lymphocytes increase

Answer 9

T Lymphocytes decrease

Answer 10

Basophils increase

Answer 11

WBCs crossing the blood vessel wall into the interstitium | Means “walking across”

Answer 12

Also known as platelets. Cytoplasmic fragments Helps control blood loss from broken vessels Derived from very large cells located in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes (multilobed nucleas) Do not have a nucleus Normal count is between 130,and 360 x 10 to the 9 per liter platelets of blood Platelets secrete seratonin causing vessel narrowing . Platelets are formed in the bone marrow and old ones are removed by the spleen

Answer 13

Too few platelets, causing abnormal bleeding Caused by leukemia, medications, or even idiopathic reasons Bleeding may be mild or life threatening

Answer 14

Increase in the platelet count Cause may be idiopathic or secondary to cancer, hemorrhage, and infection Most cases are benign Can cause serious thrombus or embolus formation

Answer 15

Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow.

Answer 16

BP is defined as the force that blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels. BP is highest in arteries and lowest in veins. Systolic pressure or systole- Ventricles contract, BP is greatest in the arteries Diastolic pressure or diastole- Ventricles relax, BP in arteries is at its lowest point BP reported as the systolic over the diastolic number

Answer 17

cardiac output, blood volume, vasoconstriction, and blood viscosity. Cardiac output is the total amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute. When a person loses a large amount of blood, his or her BP significantly decreases. If BP falls too low, vasoconstriction, which is the constriction of blood vessel walls, helps raise blood pressure

Answer 18

Baroreceptors are one way BP is regulated Baroreceptors located in the aorta and carotid arteries detect BP changes and relay the information to the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata Cardiac center then either increases or decreases the heart rate as needed

Answer 19

BP is measured using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Pulsation of blood going through the arteries at certain locations can be felt Feel a pulse are the carotid artery in the neck and radial artery in the wrist Pulse rate is counted in beats per minute Healthy individual is typically between 60 and 90 beats per minute

Answer 20

Commonly known as high BP Essential, idiopathic, or primary hypertension Defined as a consistent resting BP at 140/90 mm Hg or higher Hypertension is commonly known as the “silent killer”. Increases a person’s risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and kidney failure

Answer 21

Cause has been identified Narrowing of the arteries, oral contraceptives and cold medicines, kidney disease, endocrine disorders, pregnancy, drug use, sleep apnea, obesity, smoking, a high-sodium diet, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and diabetes mellitus

Answer 22

Control of bleeding Three processes: Blood vessel spasm Platelet plug formation Blood coagulation If a blood vessel ruptures, the smooth muscle in the damaged vessel contracts and the blood vessel spasms. Platelets begin to stick to the broken area and to each other to form a platelet plug.

Answer 23

Formation of a blood clot is called blood coagulation. Plasma protein fibrinogen is converted to fibrin. Sticks to the damaged area of the blood vessel, creating a mesh web that entraps blood cells and platelets Stops bleeding until the vessel has repaired itself

Answer 24

Abnormal blood clot is called a thrombus. Occludes an artery in the heart or brain it can cause myocardial infarction (blocking coronal artery) or cerebral vascular accident (blocking cerebral artery) Portion of the thrombus can break off and travel through the bloodstream Traveling portion of the thrombus is called an embolus Embolus may eventually block a small artery

Answer 25

Hypoperfusion to tissues resulting in decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery resulting in shock. There are 4 types of shock

Answer 26

Trauma that causes severe bleeding and loss of blood volume

Answer 27

Heart is failing and is not pumping an adequate amount of blood to the body

Answer 28

Vasodilation, or dilation of blood vessels Septic shock-Bacterial infections Neurogenic shock-Head trauma

Answer 29

Blockage of an artery causing a decrease in blood flow or perfusion of tissues

Answer 30

presence or absence of antigens (agglutinogens) on the surface of red blood cells

Answer 31

gen - A body - B R - A and O

Answer 32

gen - B body - A R - B and O

Answer 33

gen - A B body - none R - A, B, AB and O - universal recipients

Answer 34

gen - none body - A B- universal donor R - O

Answer 35

Clumping of RBCs that can occur if a patient is given the wrong blood type during a blood transfusion Occurs because proteins called antigens on the surface of RBCs bind to antibodies in plasma

Answer 36

First discovered on erythrocytes of the Rhesus monkey Rh-positive have erythrocytes that contain the Rh antigen Rh-negative have erythrocytes that do not contain the Rh antigen If a person who is Rh-negative is given Rh-positive blood, then the Rh-negative person’s blood will make antibodies that bind to the Rh antigens. If the Rh-negative person is given Rh-positive blood a second time, the antibodies will bind to the donor cells and agglutination will occur. Types A and B can be Rh positive or negative

Answer 37

Rh-negative female has a child with an Rh-positive male Blood of an Rh-positive fetus mixes with the mother’s blood that is Rh-negative, the mother will develop antibodies against the fetus’s RBCs Second Rh-positive fetus, the mother’s antibodies may cross the placenta and attack and destroy the fetus’s RBCs, condition is called hemolytic disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 38

Transport channels through which the blood travels | Arteries carry blood away from the heart and the blood in them is oxygenated.

Answer 39

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues Large artery to smaller arteriole to capillary Carry blood away from the heart - Efferent carry oxygenated blood - except for the pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation Arteries are high-pressure vessels Three layers, or tunics Tunica intima (inner most) is made up of a single layer of squamous epithelium called endothelium. Tunica media is made up of smooth muscle, vasoconstriction (increase BP) or vasodilation (decrease BP). Tunica externa (outer most) is made up of connective tissue.

Answer 40

Afferent Veins carry blood toward the heart and carry deoxygenated blood except for pulmonary veins that carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart Blood is under much lower pressure. Also have a tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa Tunica media of veins is thinner, with less smooth muscle Also serve as reserviors and store about 70% of total blood volume Because they hold the most amount of blood and have thinner wall they are used for blood collection

Answer 41

Veins depend on two mechanisms to return blood to the heart they work against gravity because they take blood back to the heart Pumping action of skeletal muscle Pressure changes in the thoracic cavity that “draw” blood toward the heart Valves work to prevent blood from “falling down” due to gravity

Answer 42

Smallest of the blood vessels Thin walls—only about one cell layer thick Allow substances to easily pass into and out of capillaries Referred to as exchange vessels Precapillary sphincters Control the amount of blood that flows into them Connect arterioles to venules

Answer 43

Substances that move through the capillary walls do so through diffusion, filtration, and osmosis Blood is under pressure as it enters the capillary Water is forced through the capillary wall via filtration Blood leaves a capillary, it has a high solid concentration and a low water concentration Water moves back into the capillary via osmosis

Answer 44

Results from a ballooned, weakened arterial wall Most causes of aneurysms are unknown Risk to developing an aneurysm is atherosclerosis, congenital conditions, traumatic injury to the chest Often no signs and symptoms Primary treatment is surgery to repair the aneurysm

Answer 45

Thrombus and inflammation develop in a vein Prolonged inactivity, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, some cancers, paralysis in the arms or legs, the presence of a venous catheter, family history of this condition, varicose veins, and trauma Tenderness and pain in the affected area; redness, swelling, and tenseness of the affected areas; fever; and a positive Homan’s sign Application of heat to the affected area, elevation of the legs, anti-inflammatory drugs, anticoagulant medications, the wearing of support stockings, removal of varicose veins, and surgery to remove the clot

Answer 46

Tortuous or twisted, dilated veins that are usually seen in the legs In the rectum, they are called hemorrhoids Caused by prolonged sitting or standing, damage to valves in the veins, a loss of elasticity in the veins, obesity, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, or hormone replacement therapy Discomfort in the legs, discoloration around the ankles, clusters of veins, and enlarged, dark veins that are seen through the skin Sclerotherapy, laser surgery, vein stripping, and endoscopic vein surgery to close off affected veins

Answer 47

Pulmonary circulation is referred to as the low-pressure circuit. BP is normally only one-eighth of that in the systemic circuit. Purpose of this circuit is to take deoxygenated blood to the lungs and exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen Blood returning to the heart is oxygenated

Answer 48

``` Right atrium through the tricuspid valve Into the right ventricle Through the pulmonary semilunar valve Into the pulmonary trunk Into the pulmonary arteries Into the lungs into pulmonary veins Into the left atrium ```

Answer 49

Systemic circulation is referred to as the high-pressure circuit. Function of this circuit is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body cells. Also picks up carbon dioxide and waste products from body cells

Answer 50

Left atrium through the bicuspid valve Into the left ventricle Through the aortic semilunar valve Into the aorta To the systemic arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins To the superior and inferior venae cavae Into the right atrium of the heart

Answer 51

Left and a right artery of the same name Major exceptions - aorta comes directly off the left ventricle and is the largest artery. It is unpaired and is arched toward the left Brachiocephalic trunk - large artery corresponds to aorta, but it comes off it and arches to the right

Answer 52

Has three parts Ascending aorta that extends from the left ventricle Aortic arch Descending aorta

Answer 53

branch - right and left coronary | supplied - heart

Answer 54

Arch of aorta with brachiocephalic artery branch

Answer 55

Arch of aorta with left common carotoid artery branch

Answer 56

Arch of aorta with left subclavian artery branch -

Answer 57

in the descending aorta- thoracic aorta with brochial artery

Answer 58

in the descending aorta- thoracic aorta with pericardial artery branch

Answer 59

in the descending aorta- thoracic aorta with esophageal artery branch

Answer 60

in the descending aorta- thoracic aorta with mediastinal artery branch

Answer 61

in the descending aorta- thoracic aorta with posterior intercostal artery branch

Answer 62

Arteries that supply blood to an area have corresponding veins associated with them Large veins often have the same names as the arteries they run next to Veins do not “supply” blood, but instead “drain” blood from an area Largest veins of the body are the superior and inferior vena cavae Empty into the right atrium of the heart

Answer 63

* Complete blood count (CBC)& Differential * Platelet count * Prothrombin time (PT/INR) & Partial Thromboplastin time (PTT) * Iron and Total iron binding capacity studies * Vit B12 * ABO (blood group) and Rh factor * Blood group antibody test * Reticulocyte count * RBC Electrophoresis * Blood test for various cancer * Various Chemistries and Microbiology tests

Answer 64

Adult male is about 5.5 million erythrocytes per 10 to the 12 per liter Adult female about 4.5 million erythrocytes per 10 to the 12 per liter

Answer 65

Arteries have pulse and veins dont and the blood will be bright red as it is oxygenated blood . It will squirt . Put loads of pressure on it .

Answer 66

formed in thymus, cell mediated immunity Helper t and suppessor T Helper t - CD4 help other such as monocytes - these are destroyed by HIV Suppressor - CD8 - stop another cells activities

Answer 67

``` formed in lymphoid tissue of bone marrow and lymph nodes humoral immunity (in fluids of body) - production of antibodies transform into plasma cells then release Ab to match specific Ag that triggered their production ```

Answer 68

respond quickly to stress without the need of Ab | Break through cell membrane and lyse the cell

Answer 69

``` Proteins - fibrinogen, globulin, albumin Electrolytes hormones like thymosin water nutrients - amino acids, glucose, fatty acids ``` liquid portion of unclotted blood

Answer 70

liquid portion of clotted blood containing fibrin clot | NO FIBRINOGEN