Chapter 1 Flashcards by Akanksha Patel

Anatomy

Study of body structure . Position of body structures

eg The heart is hollow

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Physiology

Study of function

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What are the Branches of anatomy -

Gross Anatomy-Study of large or gross structures, done through dissection and visible inspection
Microscopic Anatomy ( 2 parts)
Cytology –study of structure, function and cell development
Histology-study of tissues and organs
Developmental Anatomy-studies growth and development, e.g.- embryology
Comparative Anatomy-Comparison of human body to that of the animals
Systematic Anatomy-The study of structure and functions of various organs e.g. Dermatology (skin, hair and nails)

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Metabolism

Functional activity of a cell that result in growth ,digestion, absorption and secretions resulting in the release of energy-2 processes

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Anabolism:

building up of complex materials from simple material, e.g. food

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Catabolism:

The breaking down and changing of complex materials into simpler ones with the release of energy and CO2

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Homeostasis

Relative consistency of the body’s internal environment
Dynamic equilibrium -Body conditions must remain stable
Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree

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What happens if homeostasis fails?

Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body
Systemic disease – affects several organ systems or the entire body
Acute diseases – occur suddenly and last a short time
Chronic diseases – develop slowly and are long term

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Classify the organization of the body from the chemical level to the organism

Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organs
Organ system
Organism

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Atoms

Matter is anything that takes up space and has weight
Required for life: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S)
which all can combine to make water, glucose, proteins, and DNA

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Cell

Basic structural and functional unit of life is the cell

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Tissues and what are the four types

When cells act together to perform a specific function, the next level of organization is classified as a tissue
Four basic types of tissues in the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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Muscle tissue types, function and location

Skeletal Muscle - look cylindercal with striations and lots of nuclei . They move throughout the body wherever voluntary movement takes place. Functions: Movement of body parts
Cardiac- Short branching cells with striations and single nucleus. Partake in intercellular communication between cells. Location: Heart. Function: Heart contraction for blood circluation
Smooth muscle: Short taper cells no striations and single nucleus . Location: Walls of blood vessels and walls of hollow organs like stomach and uterus Function: Maintains blood vessel diameter. Controls food movement through digestive tract, urine in urinary system, egg and sperm in reproductive tract

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Epithelial tissue type, function and location

Flat cells, cuboidal, columnar or transitional, can be arranged in a simple layer , stratified , or pseudostratified.
Locations: body surface and cavities. Makes up skin and lining of digestive tract

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Connective tissue type, function and location

Most abundant and varied, consists of cells and intracellular matrix
Locations: Throughout body, bone, cartilage, blood and collagen .
Functions: Movement , storage of minerals, transport f oxygen and CO, energy source, protection and support

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Nervous tissue type, function and location

Neurons and neuroglia
Location: Brain , spinal cord and nerves
Functions: Receives, integrates, responds to various internal and external stimuli

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Organ and organ system

Structure formed by organization of two or more different tissue types that work together to carry out specific functions
Organ system - Organs join together to carry out vital functions

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Interaugmentary System: Function and Consists of

Function- Sense organ, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, produces vitamin D precursors
Consists of: skin, hair, nails and sweat glands

Skeletal system: Function and Consists of

Function: provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fat
Consists of: bones, cartilage, ligament, joints

Muscular System: Function and Consists of

Function: Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat
Consists of muscles attached to skeleton

Lymphatic System: Function and Consists of

Function: Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs fat from digestive tract
Consists of: tonsils
thymus
lymph nodes
spleen

Respiratory System: Function and Consists of

Function: Exchanges O2 and CO2 between blood, air and regulates blood pH 
Consists of: nose
nasal cavity 
trachea
lungs 
bronchi
pharynx 
larynx

Digestive System: Function and Consists of

Function: Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, adsorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste
Consists of: Pharynx
mouth
salivary glands
esophagus
stomach
pancreas
small intestine 
large intestine
live
gallbladder
appendix
rectum
anus

Nervous System : Function and Consists of

Function: Major regulatory system that detects sensations, controls movements, intellectual functions
Consists of: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves and Sensory receptors

Endocrine System: Function and Consists of

``` Functions: Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction Consists of: hypothalumus pineal body pituitary parathyroids thyroid thymus adrenals pancreas testes ovaries ```

Cardiovascular System : Function and Consists of

Functions: Transports , nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body, body temp regulation, immune response Consists of: Heart, blood, vessels, blood

Urinary System: Function and Consists of

``` Functions: Removes waste product from blood, regulates pH, ion balance, water balance Consists of: kidney ureter urinary bladder urethra ```

Female Reproductive System: Function and Consists of

Functions: Produces oocytes, fertilization site, fetal development , produces hormones Consists of: Mammary glands, vagina , uterus

Male Reproductive System: Function and Consists of

Function: Produces and transfers sperm cells to female | Consists of: Testes, Ducts, Penis

What are the different Body Cavities

Dorsal- on posterior or towards the back. Divided into Cranial (close to head) and Spinal Ventral - Towards the front . Divided into thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

What is the thoracic cavity divided into and what is located there.

The thoracic cavity is divided into pleural cavities - pericardial cavity and mediastinum . Lungs are in the plueral cavities Heart in the pericardial cavity

What is the Mediastinum

It is a space located between the two lungs laterally

What is the abdominoplevic cavity divided into?

Superior abdominal cavity -organs, gall bladder, intestines | Inferior pelvic cavity - Rectum, Urinary tract

Where is the Antecubital

depressed area in the front of the elbow | Where blood is taken

Where is the Antebrachial

between the wrist and the elbow

Where is the Brachial

upper arm

Where is the Buccal

inside the cheeks

Where is the Planter

sole of the feet

Nine Regions of the abdominal area

``` Right Hypochondriac Region Epigastric region Left Hypochondriac Region Right Lumbar Region Umbilical Region Left Lumbar Region Right iliac (inguinal) Region Hypogastric region Left iliac (inguinal) region ```

What is the Supine position?

lying face upward (on back/spine)

What is the Prone position?

lying face downwards(on stomach)

What are the different planes of the body

Sagittal or median) plane – divides body into right and left portions Frontal or coronal) plane – divides body into anterior (frontal/front) and posterior ( rear/back Transverse or horizontal) plane – divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Name all directional terms

- Anterior (ventral)- toward the front or on the front of the body e.g. the knees - Posterior (dorsal)-toward the back or on the back of the body, e.g. the heart vs sternum - Superior (cranial)-close to the head or upper body, e.g. lung vs diaphragm - Inferior (caudal)-away from the head or close to the feet, e.g. neck vs head - Superficial( external)-near the surface or outside, e.g blood is drawn from superficial veins - Deep (internal)-away from the body surface-structures on the inside e.g. internal organ such as the spleen - Central-situated around the centre of the body(torso & head) or organ, e.g. CNS location - Peripheral-situated away from the centre of an organ or body, e.g. peripheral nervous system (outside)vs central nervous system. Arms and legs - Medial-close to the middle of the body, e.g. nose vs ear - Lateral-away from the midline or on the side, e.g. ears vs nose - Proximal-closer to the point of attachment or trunk (torso), e.g. knees vs toes - Distal-away from the point of attachment or trunk, e.g fingers vs elbow - Ipsilateral- body parts located on the same side e.g the right hand vs right foot - Contralateral-body parts located on the opposite sides e.g the right hand vs left foot

What are the regions of the body

Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk Trunk-thorax, abdomen and pelvis Appendicular portion – upper and lower limbs