Chapter 14 - NS Flashcards

Question

What is histamine?

Answer 1

Biogenic amines | CNS - Release in hypothalamus promotes alertness

Answer 2

GABA (inhibit), Glutamate (excitatory),

Answer 3

Endorphins (cns - inhibitory reduce pain), Substance P - PNS (Excitatory - pain perception)

Answer 4

Nitric oxide - CNS - memory | PNS - vasodialation

Answer 5

Speed of conductance down an axon Larger-diameter axon will conduct an impulse faster than smaller diameter axons Myelinated nerve will conduct an action potential faster than an unmyelinated axon In myelinated nerves, there are bare areas on the axon called Nodes of Ranvier. Action potential jumps from node to node. Called saltatory conductance

Answer 6

Protects the brain by not allowing harmful substances to enter it from the blood Tight junctions between endothelial cells of the brain capillaries Astrocytes help maintain the tight junctions BBB restricts most large molecules and hydrophilic substances from entering the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF Develops early in embryonic life CNS begins as a simple tubelike structure called the neural tube

Answer 7

Three regions of the brain can be identified: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Forerunners of the adult brain Adult brain Four major areas: cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum)

Answer 8

Largest division of the brain Longitudinal fissure Divides into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres Corpus callosum Thick bundle of axons fibers connects the two hemispheres Grooves on the surface called sulci Folds between the sulci are called gyri or convolutions

Answer 9

Gray matter in cerebral hemispheres | Motor impluses starts in cortex to spinal cord

Answer 10

Located between the cerebral hemispheres and is superior to the brainstem Thalamus Serves as the relay station for sensory information that is conveyed to the cerebral cortex for interpretation Hypothalamus Maintains homeostasis by regulating many vital activities such as heart rate (pulse), blood pressure (BP), and respiration (breathing) rate

Answer 11

-Midbrain or mesencephalon Beneath the diencephalon Controls both visual and auditory reflexes -Pons Rounded bulge on the underside of the brainstem Nerve tracts to connect the cerebrum to the cerebellum Also regulates respiration -Medulla oblongata Most inferior portion of the brainstem Directly connected to the spinal cord Controls heart rate, BP, and respiration Controls reflexes associated with coughing, sneezing, and vomiting

Answer 12

Inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata Coordinates complex skeletal muscle activity that is needed for body movements Coordinates fine-motor movements such as threading a needle, playing an instrument, and writing

Answer 13

-Gray matter Two dorsal horns receive afferent (sensory) information from the body Two ventral horns carry efferent (motor) information to the body -White matter Anterior (ventral), lateral, and posterior (dorsal) columns Contain the groups of axons called nerve tracts

Answer 14

carry sensory information up to the brain - ascending or afferent tracts Transmits motor information from the brain to muscles and glands. Called descending or efferent tracts

Answer 15

Progressive, degenerative disease of the gray matter of the brain No single “cause” of Alzheimer’s Loss of memory, confusion, personality changes, language deterioration, impaired judgment, and restlessness Medications and proper nutrition, physical and mental exercise, social activity, and calm environments

Answer 16

Progressive deterioration of neurons in the substantia nigra Produce a neurotransmitter called dopamine Most cases of PD are idiopathic Some may be caused by brain tumors, certain drugs, carbon monoxide, or repeated head trauma Resting tremor that disappears with voluntary movement, muscle rigidity, and a lack of coordination and balance Face is said to be masklike Stooped posture and a shuffling gait Dopamine and Levodopa alleviate some symptoms and slow the progression of this disease

Answer 17

Brain cells die because of inadequate perfusion. Numbness or loss of function on one side of the body, paralysis of one side of the body, speech problems, memory and reasoning deficits, coma, and death “Clot-buster drugs” such as TPA used within three hours of the first symptoms Physical, occupational, and speech therapy

Answer 18

CVA Lack of blood to an area of the brain Occlusion can be caused by a thrombus in a blood vessel of the neck or vein or an embolus that has traveled to the brain from elsewhere in the body

Answer 19

Blood bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue. | Ruptured aneurysm in a blood vessel to the brain

Answer 20

Result of temporary stress or muscle tension Pain or soreness in the temples and the contraction of head and neck muscles OTC medicine

Answer 21

Occur almost daily and persist for weeks or months Result of stress or fatigue Associated with physical problems, psychological issues, or depression Pain or soreness in the temples and the contraction of head and neck muscles Seek medical treatment to determine the underlying cause

Answer 22

Hormones may influence migraines Women experience migraines at least three times more often than men do Considered vascular headaches Associated with the dilation of the arteries of the brain Sensitivity to light get nausea

Answer 23

Attacks come in groups for a period of time and often appear seasonal. Hypothalamus may be involved Runny nose, watery eyes, and swelling below the eyes Various drugs are available for the treatment of these headaches.

Answer 24

Abnormal growths in the brain Caused by gene mutations Headaches, seizures, nausea, weakness in the arms or legs, fatigue, changes in speech patterns, and a loss of memory. Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and gene therapy

Answer 25

Brain experiences repeated spontaneous seizures due to abnormal electrical activity of the brain Petit mal (partial) “Absence seizures” where the individual may have a loss of awareness of the present or appears to “space out” Grand mal (generalized) Classic tonic-clonic seizure Etiology not known,, birth trauma, infections, bad visuals, uncontrolled muscle spasms

Answer 26

Connective tissue membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord - viral or bacterial

Answer 27

Meninges Dura mater Toughest and outermost layer Space above the dura mater is called the epidural space; below it is the subdural space

Answer 28

Meninges Middle layer Named for its spider-web-like appearance

Answer 29

Meninges Innermost and most delicate layer Holds blood vessels onto the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 30

Meninges Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which cushions the CNS

Answer 31

Interconnected cavities within the brain Two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere Third ventricle is located between the right and left halves of the thalamus.

Answer 32

CSF is a clear, colorless fluid when all is well. - in disease it can be a variety of colors Cushions the brain and spinal cord Protects them from chemical injury Carries oxygen and nutrients to neurons and neuroglia CSF is produced by the ependymal cells of the choroid plexuses.. Network of capillaries located with the ventricles of the brain

Answer 33

Somatic nervous system (SNS) | Governs the body’s skeletal (voluntary) muscles

Answer 34

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | Governs the body’s automatic functions

Answer 35

``` Parasympathic system “Rest and digest” Acetylcholine Neurons are located in the brainstem and the sacral regions of the spinal cord. Craniosacral division ``` ``` Sympathetic nervous system “Fight or flight” Norepinephrine Neurons are located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord Thoracolumbar division ```

Answer 36

Facial muscles are very weak or temporarily totally paralyzed. Damage to cranial nerve VII Many times the cause is unknown Loss of feeling in the face, the inability to produce facial expressions, headache, and excessive tearing or drooling

Answer 37

Group of disorders commonly referred to as nerve pain Trauma, chemical irritation of the nerves, bacterial infections, and diabetes Sudden and severe skin pain and numbness are the most common symptoms Only pain meds are given

Answer 38

Body’s immune system attacks part of the peripheral nervous system. Viral infections, immunizations, and pregnancy Weakness or tingling sensations in the legs or arms that can progress to paralysis, dyspnea and an abnormal heart rate IV gamma globulin treatments, rest, nutritional support including NG tubes, and respiratory and cardiac monitoring

Answer 39

Sciatic nerve is commonly damaged by excessive pressure on the nerve from prolonged sitting or lying down. Numbness, pain, or tingling sensations on the back of a leg or foot Pain and anti-inflammatory medication or steroids

Answer 40

Chronic disease of the CNS in which myelin is destroyed Causes are mostly unknown Severe cases, a person loses the ability to walk or speak No cure for MS Medications, including interferon, are available to treat and slow the progression of symptoms.

Answer 41

Lou Gehrig’s disease Fatal disorder characterized by the degeneration of neurons in the spinal cord and brain Most causes are unknown. Early symptoms include cramping of hand and feet muscles, persistent tripping and falling, chronic fatigue, and slurred speech. Later stages include dyspnea and muscle paralysis Help manage using physical, speech and respiratory therapies

Answer 42

State of Consciousness- Vary from normal to a state of coma Reflex Activity- Primarily determine the health of the peripheral nervous system Speech Patterns- Abnormal speech patterns include a loss of the ability to form words correctly or to form sentences that make sense Motor Patterns-Abnormal motor patterns include the loss of balance, abnormal posture, or inappropriate movements of the body

Answer 43

Sometimes called a “spinal tap” Needle is used to remove CSF from the subarachnoid space. Space below the third lumbar vertebra

Answer 44

Brain and spinal cord to be visualized Uses powerful magnets Useful at detecting tumors and bleeding

Answer 45

Uses radioactive chemicals that collect in specific areas of the brain Useful in detecting blood flow to areas of the brain, brain tumors, and the diagnosis of such diseases as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

Answer 46

Uses contrast material so that the blood vessels in the brain can be visualized Useful in detecting aneurysms

Answer 47

Images that provide more information than a standard x-ray | Useful in detecting tumors and other abnormal structures

Answer 48

Detects electrical activity in the brain | Useful in diagnosing seizures and various states of consciousness

Answer 49

Useful in detecting skull or vertebral fractures

Answer 50

Brain starts to atrophy and we may see changes in memory or cognitive skills More likely to get stroke, Alz or Parkinsons slower reflexes

Answer 51

Fluid component-Consists of water, glucose , fat , protein and salt Cellular component –lymphocytes and granulocytes Transports fluid and cellular components from the tissues to the circulatory system via the lymphatic vessels