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Anatomy & Physiology > CH 11 & 10 > Flashcards

CH 11 & 10 Flashcards

1
Q

The partial contraction of a resting muscle is known as?

A

Muscle Tone

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2
Q

Which can be measured by attaching stimulating electrodes to a nerve-muscle preparation and a recording device?

A

Muscle Strength

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3
Q

Why are elastic elements important to muscle function?

A

They provide the recoil that helps return the sarcomere to its resting length

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4
Q

The minimum voltage necessary to generate a muscle twitch is called?

A

Threshold

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5
Q

From excitation through contraction, the SR does what?

A

releases AND reabsorbs calcium

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6
Q

What is a quick cycle of contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached?

A

Twitch

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7
Q

The tension generated by a muscle fiber depends on what?

A

How stretched or compressed the fiber is before its stimulated

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8
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The partial contraction of resting muscles

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9
Q

On a myogram, the time between the stimulus and the twitch is known as?

A

the latent period

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10
Q

A record of the timing and strength of a muscle’s contraction is called?

A

a Myogram

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11
Q

The movement of an object or load results from the development of what kind of tension?

A

External tension

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12
Q

What is threshold, in regards to muscle physiology?

A

The minimum voltage necessary to generate a muscle twitch

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13
Q

As the myosin head releases the thin filament, muscle tension declines during what phase of muscle twitch?

A

Relaxation

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14
Q

True or false: A twitch is a sustained contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached.

A

FALSE. A twitch is not sustained, tetany refers to sustained muscle contraction

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15
Q

When an overly shortened or overly stretched muscle fiber is stimulated, what kind of contraction is generated?

A

A weak contraction

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16
Q

A muscle’s state of what affects the spacing between thick and thin filaments?

A

Hydration

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17
Q

How would high frequency stimuli at a constant voltage affect twitch strength?

A

It would increase

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18
Q

Stimulus frequency affects the sarcoplasmic concentration of what?

A

Calcium

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19
Q

What is it called when stimulus strength increases, increasing the number of motor neurons excited which, in turn, increases the number of motor units firing?

A

Multiple Motor Unit Summation

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20
Q

What produces incomplete tetanus?

A

Temporal Summation

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21
Q

You’re using an electrode that delivers a fixed discharge voltage. How could you generate a stronger twitch using this electrode?

A

Increase the frequency of the stimulation

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22
Q

A muscle fiber shortens and generates force during what period of muscle twitch?

A

Contraction

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23
Q

When lifting something heavy, which type of contraction occurs first?

A

Isometric

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24
Q

In what type of contraction does the internal tension build until it overcomes resistance and the muscle moves the load?

A

Isotonic

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25
Q

True or false: Recruitment occurs when more nerve fibers excite more motor units.

A

True

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26
Q

Aerobic Respiration utilizes what 2 molecule types as fuel to generate ATP?

A

Fatty acids and Glucose

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27
Q

Temporal summation leads to a state of fluttering contraction know as?

A

Incomplete tetanus

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28
Q

The continuous forceful contraction of a muscle with no relaxation betwen stimuli is?

A

Tetanus

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29
Q

What are the 2 most important pathways by which ATP is generated in muscle cells?

A

Anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration

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30
Q

What type of contraction maintains joint stability and posture?

A

Isometric

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31
Q

The type of muscle contraction in which there is a change in length, but no change in tension is called?

A

Isotonic contraction

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32
Q

In muscle, what does the source of ATP depend upon?

A

The duration of exercise

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33
Q

When a muscle is at rest, most of its ATP is generated by?

A

Aerobic respiration of fatty acids

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34
Q

During short bursts of intense activity, ATP for muscle contraction is supplied by what?

A

Creatine Phosphate

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35
Q

What process produces the most ATP?

A

Aerobic respiration

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36
Q

The glycogen-lactic acid system relies on which form of metabolism?

A

Anaerobic

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37
Q

When lifting something heavy, which type of contraction occurs first?

A

Isometric

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38
Q

The total supply of ATP and creatine phosphate in a muscle is enough to power contraction for how long?

A

1 minute

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39
Q

What provides long term energy for a cell?

A

Aeorbic Respiration

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40
Q

The glycogen-lactic acid system utilizes what molecules as fuel to generate ATP?

A

Glucose

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41
Q

In high-intensity short-duration exercise, what does muscle fatigue result from?

A

Increased potassium

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42
Q

What type of contraction involves the development of tension but no change in length?

A

Isometric

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43
Q

The accumulation of potassium during short-duration exercise has what effect on the membrane making the muscle fiber less excitable and contributing to fatigue?

A

It hyperpolarizes the membrane

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44
Q

Does lactic acid cause muscle fatigue?

A

No, lactic acid does not build up in the muscle fibers so it does not cause muscle fatigue

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45
Q

What is the maximum oxygen uptake?

A

the rate of uptake where increasing workload does not increase oxygen uptake

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46
Q

How is aerobic respiration important for producing energy long term?

A

By making ATP aerobically, fatigue is delayed, so long-term activity can continue

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47
Q

Why does increased oxygen consumption continue after exercise?

A

To replace the oxygen bound to myoglobin and hemoglobin

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48
Q

The progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of the muscles is known as?

A

Muscle fatigue

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49
Q

Fibers that are well adapted to aerobic respiration are called what?

A

slow twitch fibers

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50
Q

The accumulation of what ions during short duration exercise lowers the membrane potential of the muscle and makes it less excitable?

A

Potassium ions

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51
Q

What 3 situation lead to fatigue in long duration exercise?

A

Electrolyte loss, Central fatigue, Fuel depletion

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52
Q

Which fibers are adapted for a quick response?

A

Fast Glycolytic (FG) fibers

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53
Q

During exercise, at which point does the rate of oxygen consumption plateua?

A

The maximum oxygen uptake rate

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54
Q

Skeletal muscles contain which muscle fiber types?

A

Both slow oxidative (SO) and Fast Glcolytic (FG) fibers

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55
Q

What function does increased oxygen consumption after exercise serve?

A

To allow the conversion of lactic acid to pyruvate and glucose by the liver

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56
Q

Why do larger muscles generate more strength?

A

because larger muscles have more contractile elements

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57
Q

What type of exercise improves fatigue resistance by enhancing the delivery and use of oxygen?

A

Endurance exercise

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58
Q

Which fibers contain a fast-acting ATPase and phosphagen enzymes?

A

Fast-twitch fibers

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59
Q

Cardiac and smooth muscle and both considered to be?

A

Involuntary

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60
Q

What appearance do muscles that contain mainly slow oxidative fibers have?

A

they are Red

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61
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

in the heart wall only

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62
Q

What are the thickened notched ends of cardiac muscle cells which contain gap junctions called?

A

Intercalated discs

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63
Q

Muscles with which fascicle arrangement produce the strongest contractions?

A

Pennate arrangements

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64
Q

Why are gap junctions important?

A

They allow the cells to contract in a coordinated fashion

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65
Q

Resistance exercise causes muscle growth by stimulating which of the following?

A

An increase in myofibril size

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66
Q

Which muscle type is resistant to fatigue, contracts with a regular rhythm, and functions 24 hours a day?

A

Cardiac muscle

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67
Q

The autonomic nervous system is important in the control of which two types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth and Cardiac

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68
Q

What is the function of the cardiac pacemaker?

A

It triggers contraction in the heart muscle

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69
Q

Cardiac muscle cells contract rhythmically and independently. What is this called?

A

Autorhythmic

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70
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

A

Striated, usually uninucleate, branching

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71
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle function?

A

It uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively, it has large stores of glycogen, and it is rich in myoglobin

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72
Q

Which structures coordinate contraction in cardiac muscle cells?

A

gap junctions

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73
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A

uninucleate, non-striated, and fusiform shaped

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74
Q

What are the swellings along the length of a nerve fiber that innervates smooth muscle called?

A

Varicosities

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75
Q

In the heart, what triggers the wave of electrical excitation that causes the heart to contract?

A

the Pacemaker

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76
Q

What speed does smooth muscle contract and relax?

A

it is slow to contract and slow to react

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77
Q

What does it mean that cardiac cells are autorhymthic?

A

They contract rhythmically and independent of nervous stimulation

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78
Q

Functions of smooth muscle

A

Regulate pupil diameter, move material through the digestive tract, constrict or dilate blood vessels to control blood pressure

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79
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments in smooth muscle cells?

A

they bind the dense bodies to the sarcolemma

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80
Q

What explains why cardiac muscle is resistant to fatigue?

A

because it uses little anaerobic fermentation

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81
Q

What type of smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urinary tract?

A

Single-unit

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82
Q

Which muscle tissue is capable of mitosis and hyperplasia?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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83
Q

Excitation can be non-electrical in what type of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth

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84
Q

How do smooth muscle myocytes differ from cardiomyocytes?

A

Smooth muscle myocytes have no T tubules while cardiac muscles do

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85
Q

What regulatory protein is associated with the thick filament of smooth muscle and activates myosin light-chain kinase?

A

Calmodulin

86
Q

What places are single-unit muscle found?

A

Wall of Uterus, wall of bladder, wall of stomach

87
Q

What places are multi-unit smooth muscle found?

A

Piloerector muscle, iris of the eye

88
Q

How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?

A

smooth muscle can be excited in a multitude of ways while skeletal muscle is excited by a neuron

89
Q

What is the immediate trigger for the contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Calcium ions

90
Q

What type of contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels is important in maintaining blood pressure? This type of contraction is also important in keeping the intestine partially contracted

A

Tonic, continual contraction

91
Q

What 2 types of muscle tissue can be autorhythmic?

A

Smooth and Cardiac

92
Q

Which muscle tissue frequently exhibits tetanus and is resistant to fatigue?

A

Smooth

93
Q

What is calmodulin?

A

It is a regulatory protein that replaces troponin in smooth muscle. It binds calcium and activates the enzyme myosin light-chain kinase, which adds a phosphate group to a small regulatory protein on the myosin head.

94
Q

What would cause mechanically-regulated calcium gates in smooth muscle cells to open?

A

if the tissue was stretched

95
Q

The sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has pockets that contain calcium channels called what?

A

Caveolae

96
Q

Does smooth muscle often fatigue?

A

No

97
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Heat production, control of body openings, and blood sugar regulation

98
Q

Which surrounds the muscle fiber and creates room for nerve fibers?

A

The endomysium

99
Q

Which describes the endomysium?

A

A loose connective tissue layer around each individual muscle cell

100
Q

What are functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Joint stability, movement, heat production

101
Q

Stretch receptors called muscle spindles are located within which connective tissue layer?

A

Perimysium

102
Q

On its outer surface, the epimysium is continuous with which of the following?

A

Fascia

103
Q

The epimysium is a connective tissue sheath that wraps around which of the following?

A

The entire muscle

104
Q

What is fascia?

A

A thick sheet of connective tissue separating neighboring groups of muscle

105
Q

A muscle that is thick in the middle and tapered at each end is classified as?

A

Fusiform muscle

106
Q

The perimysium contains which of the following?

A

Muscle spindles, blood vessels, and nerves

107
Q

A muscle of uniform width with fascicles aligned along its longitudinal axis would be classified as?

A

Parallel muscle

108
Q

A muscle with its fasciculi arranged like barbs of a feather is called a?

A

Pennate muscle

109
Q

Unipennate

A

All fascicles approach tendon from one side of the tendon

110
Q

Bipennate

A

Fascicles insert on the tendon from both sides

111
Q

Multipennate

A

Many bipennate muscle units merge onto one tendon

112
Q

The rectus abdominis and the sartorius are examples of?

A

Parallel muscles

113
Q

The pectoralis major and temporalis muscles are examples of?

A

Triangular muscle

114
Q

Which describes a sphincter?

A

Circular muscle that forms a ring around a body opening

115
Q

Which describes a pennate muscle?

A

Feather like fasciculi insert obliquely into the tendon

116
Q

What are muscle compartments?

A

Functional groups of muscles surrounded by fascia

117
Q

What are intermuscular septa?

A

Thick fasciae that separate muscles into compartments

118
Q

The orbicular oculi muscle is an example of what muscle shape?

A

Circular

119
Q

A muscle of uniform width with fascicles aligned along its longitudinal axis would be classified as?

A

Parallel

120
Q

Which term refers to a broad, sheet-like tendon?

A

Aponeurosis

121
Q

Which describes an extrinsic muscle?

A

A muscle that arises from one region, but acts upon a different region

122
Q

The especially thick fasciae that separate the muscle compartments of the arm are known as ?

A

Intermuscular septa

123
Q

In flexing the elbow, the prime mover is the?

A

Brachialis

124
Q

The biceps brachii helps the brachialis flex the elbow. Which term best describes the role of the biceps brachii during elbow flexion?

A

Synergist

125
Q

Which term refers to a muscle that opposes the prime mover?

A

Antagonist

126
Q

What term refers to a muscle that prevents a bone from moving during an action?

A

A Fixator

127
Q

What is an intrinsic muscle?

A

A muscle that is contained entirely within one region of the body

128
Q

The nerve that supplies stimulation to a given muscle is called its?

A

Innervation

129
Q

What is the term for a muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action?

A

Agonist (prime mover)

130
Q

What is the term for a muscle that does not produce most of the force but works together with other muscles to produce movements?

A

Synergist

131
Q

Functions of an antagonist during a joint action

A

Relaxes to allow other muscles to have control over the action, limits the speed or range of the action by opposing the other muscles involved

132
Q

Blood capillaries are able to reach every muscle fiber because they run extensively through what?

A

the endomysium

133
Q

What does the term ‘brevis’ mean in the name of a muscle?

A

short

134
Q

The alveolar processes on the lateral surfaces of the mandible and maxilla are skeletal attachments for what muscle?

A

Buccinator

135
Q

Are neck muscles innervated by cranial or spinal nerves?

A

Cranial nerves. Muscles below the neck are innervated by Spinal nerves

136
Q

Functions of a synergist during joint action

A

Stabilize a joint to restrict undesirable movements of a bone, modify the direction of the movement produced by the prime mover, contract together with the prime move to produce more power

137
Q

The muscular system at rest receives approx how much of the blood supply pumped by the heart?

A

one-quarter (3/4 during exercise)

138
Q

Which muscle of facial expression attaches on the fascia of the deltoid and pectoralis major?

A

Platysma

139
Q

What are the skeletal attachments of the buccinator?

A

Mandible and maxilla near alveolar margin, orbicularis oris and submucosa of cheek and lips

140
Q

What is the muscle that attaches at the modiolus (angle) of the mouth and inserts in the tissue of the lips?

A

orbicularis oris

141
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus major?

A

draws the angle of the mouth upward and laterally

142
Q

Attachment of the orbicularis oculi?

A

eyelids, skin around margin of orbit

143
Q

Attachments of the levator palpebrae superioris

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid, upper eyelid

144
Q

Attachments of orbicularis oris

A

Tissue of lips, modiolus at angle of mouth

145
Q

Which muscle attaches to the lacrimal bone as well as to both the upper and lower eyelids?

A

Orbicularis Oculi

146
Q

Describe the occipitofontalis

A

2 muscles connected together by a broad aponeurosis

147
Q

Actions of the fontal belly of the occipitofrontalis

A

Elevates eyebrows, draws scalp forward, wrinkles skin of forehead

148
Q

Action of the zygomaticus major

A

draws the angle of the mouth upward and laterally

149
Q

Action of occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis

A

Retracts scalp. fixes galea aponeurotica

150
Q

Name of the connective tissue sheet connecting the anterior and posterior muscles of the occipitofrontalis

A

Galea aponeurotica

151
Q

Action of the orbicularis oculi

A

Closes the eye, aids in flow of tears across eye

152
Q

Complex of muscles that encircles the mouth

A

Orbicularis oris

153
Q

Which muscles elevates and wrinkles the skin of the chin?

A

Mentalis

154
Q

Which muscle compresses the cheek?

A

Buccinator

155
Q

The genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus all act on what?

A

the Tongue

156
Q

Which is a large triangular (convergent) muscle located on the side of the head?

A

Temporalis

157
Q

Which muscle draws the lower lip and angle of the mouth downward and may also help open the mouth widely?

A

Platysma

158
Q

Styloglossus, Genioglossus, Palatoglossus, and Hyoglossus of the tongue are all extrinsic or intrinsic muscles?

A

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

159
Q

What is the primary action of the temporalis?

A

elevates mandible

160
Q

The temporalis, masseter, and the pterygoid muscles produce which type of movements?

A

Chewing

161
Q

Parallel muscle located in the jaw?

A

Masseter

162
Q

The omohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles are part of which muscle group?

A

Infrahyoid muscles

163
Q

The three pairs of pharyngeal constrictors play a role in which action?

A

swallowing

164
Q

A thin superficial muscle of the upper chest and lower face?

A

Platysma

165
Q

Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, and Stylohoid are infrahyoid or suprahyoid muscles?

A

Suprahyoid

166
Q

The muscle that attaches on the back of the skull and the spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 and also attaches on the scapula and clavicle is the?

A

Trapezius

167
Q

Which muscles produce biting and chewing movements of the mandible?

A

Temporalis, Masseter, Medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid muscles

168
Q

Bilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid produces what action?

A

Draws head straight forward and down

169
Q

The manubrium, clavicle, and mastoid process are skeletal attachments of what?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

170
Q

The flexors of the neck

A

Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes

171
Q

The scalene muscles attach where?

A

All cervical vertebrae and ribs 1 and 2

172
Q

The trapezius, splenius muscles, and semispinalis muscles are classified as what?

A

Extensors of the Neck

173
Q

Which is a large diamond-shaped muscle that extends from the neck, over the shoulders, and halfway down the back?

A

Trapezius

174
Q

What muscle extends and laterally flexes the neck?

A

Trapezius

175
Q

The sternocleidomastoid and scalenes are classified as what?

A

Flexors of the neck

176
Q

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are classified as what?

A

Muscles of respiration

177
Q

Unilateral contraction of the scalene muscles can cause which actions?

A

Contra lateral neck rotation and ipsilateral neck flexion

178
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Muscular dome between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

179
Q

The muscle that is innervated by the phrenic nerves is the ?

A

Diaphragm

180
Q

The external intercostal muscles do what during respiration?

A

Elevate and protract the ribs

181
Q

What are the skeletal attachments of the external abdominal oblique?

A

Iliac crest, pubic symphysis, superior margin of pubis
Outer surface of ribs 5-12

182
Q

The rectus abdominis, transverse abdominal, and abdominal oblique muscles are are all located in which part of the body?

A

Anterior abdominal wall

183
Q

The abdominal oblique muscle that compresses abdominal contents and, when only one side contracts (unilateral contraction), causes ipsilateral rotation of the waist is the ?

A

Internal abdominal oblique

184
Q

The abdominal oblique muscle that originates on ribs 5-12 is the ?

A

External abdominal oblique

185
Q

The transverse abdominal attaches to ?

A

Costal cartilages 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, inguinal ligament, iliac crest

186
Q

Which muscle originates on the pubic symphysis and superior margin of the pubis and attaches on the xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7?

A

Rectus abdominis

187
Q

What muscle do you contract in order to straighten your back after bending at the waist?

A

Erector spinae

188
Q

Which are major deep muscles of the back?

A

Quadratus lumborum and semispinalis thoracis

189
Q

The abdominal oblique muscle that compresses abdominal contents and, when only one side contracts (unilateral contraction), causes ipsilateral rotation of the waist is the?

A

Internal abdominal oblique

190
Q

Which term refers to the diamond-shaped area between the thighs that is bordered by the pubic symphysis, the coccyx, and the ischial tuberosities?

A

Perineum

191
Q

Together what muscle do the iliocostalis, the longissimus, and the spinalis form?

A

the Erector spinae

192
Q

What is the action of the ischiocavernosus?

A

Compresses base of penis or clitoris maintaining erection

193
Q

What is the major deep muscle in the thoracic region?

A

Semispinalis thoracis

194
Q

What muscles are located in the deep perineal space?

A

Deep transverse perineal and compressor urethrae

195
Q

What abdominal oblique muscle inserts on ribs 10-12, the costal cartilages 7-10, and the pubis?

A

Internal oblique

196
Q

What muscle compresses the anal canal, supports the uterus and other pelvic viscera, and aids in the falling away of the feces?

A

Levator ani

197
Q

What muscle is found only in females in the perineal space?

A

Compressor urethrae

198
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis minor?

A

Moves scapula laterally and forward

199
Q

What is the anterior skeletal attachment of the serratus anterior?

A

All or nearly all ribs

200
Q

Which triangular muscle, located in the upper part of the chest, arises by three heads from ribs 3 to 5 and converges on the shoulder? Pectoralis major or minor?

A

Minor

201
Q

Which muscle spans most of the pelvic outlet and forms the floor of the true pelvis?

A

Levator ani

202
Q

Which muscle works with the pectoralis minor to draw the scapula laterally and forward around the chest wall, and acts as the prime mover in all forward-reaching and pushing actions?

A

Serratus anterior

203
Q

What region is the pectoralis major located?

A

Upper chest or mammary region

204
Q

Which muscle is classified as both a neck extensor and a posterior shoulder muscle?

A

Trapezius

205
Q

Actions of the levator spaculae?

A

Retracts scapula, elevates scapula, and laterally flexes neck

206
Q

Which muscle flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus?

A

Pectoralis major

207
Q

Which muscle adducts and medially rotates the humerus, extends the shoulder, produces backward swing of the arm, and pulls the body forward and upward as in climbing?

A

Latissimus dorsi

208
Q

What is the prime mover of elbow flexion?

A

Brachialis

209
Q

Muscle that causes rapid supination of forearm is?

A

Biceps brachii

210
Q

Which muscle extends the knee, laterally rotates the tibia, aids in abduction and medial rotation of the femur, and tautens the iliotibial tract to brace the knee when the opposite foot is lifted?

A

Tensor Fasciae latae

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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