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Anatomy & Physiology > CH 4 > Flashcards

CH 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Mendelian Genetics

A

Family relationships are analyzed to predict patterns of inheritance in family line

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2
Q

Nucleotide

A

the basic unit of a nucleic acid composed of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Purine

A

Adenine, Guanine

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4
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

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5
Q

Cytogenetics

A

uses techniques of cytology and microscopy to study chromosomes and their relationship to hereditary traits

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6
Q

molecular genetics

A

uses techniques of biochem to study DNA structure and function

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7
Q

Genomic medicine

A

studies the entire DNA of an individual and how it influences health and disease

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8
Q

How many hydrogen bonds to G and C form?

A

3

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9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds to T and A form?

A

2

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10
Q

What % of DNA codes for proteins?

A

2%

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11
Q

Histone

A

a protein component of chromatin that helps to organize and package DNA

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12
Q

Centromere

A

the pinched spot that sister chromatids are joined at

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13
Q

tRNA, function

A

transfer RNA, contains an anticodon, binds amino acids in cytosol and carries them to ribosomes

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14
Q

Essential Function of RNA

A

to use instructions coded in DNA to synthesize proteins

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15
Q

Gene

A

information containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA and in most cases for 1 or more protein

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16
Q

How many nucleotide pairs in total human genome?

A

about 3 billion nucleotide pairs

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17
Q

Where is RNA usually found?

A

In the cytoplasm

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18
Q

Genomics

A

the study of the whole genome and how genes and noncoding DNA interact

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19
Q

Base triplet

A

sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that codes for 1 amino acid

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20
Q

Can multiple codons code for the same amino acid?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Start codon, what’s it code for?

A

AUG, methionine

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22
Q

Codon

A

3 base sequence of mRNA

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23
Q

Translation

A

the step of protein synthesis in which mRNA is read to make proteins

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24
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

enzyme that transcribes DNA to make RNA. RNA polymerase opens up DNA helix then transcribes the genetic code to make a corresponding RNA

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25
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

synthesizes new molecules of DNA

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26
Q

DNA Ligase

A

joins DNA strands together

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27
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds DNA helix during replication

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28
Q

Intron

A

a portion of pre-mRNA that does not code for protein and that must be removed before translation

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29
Q

Transcription

A

step of protein synthesis in which DNA is used to make mRNA

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30
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

one gene can produce more than one protein. Occurs when introns are removed from pre-mRNA

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31
Q

Pre-mRNA

A

contains introns and exons and cannot leave nucleus until introns and removed and mRNA is formed

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32
Q

mRNA

A

carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm

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33
Q

Initiator tRNA

A

1st tRNA to bind to a ribosome in translation. Its anticodon is complementary to AUG (UAC)

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34
Q

3 steps of translation

A

1) Initiation 2) elongation 3) termination

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35
Q

small & large ribosomal subunits

A

Small binds to mRNA near lead sequence and moves along mRNA to find start codon. When start codon is reached, large unit joins small and translation begins. initiator tRNA binds to a site, then P, then E as ribosomal unit continues to move along mRNA reading codons

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36
Q

What are the base pairings of RNA?

A

U-A, A-U, G-C, C-G

37
Q

Base pairings of DNA?

A

T-A, A-T, G-C, C-G

38
Q

Polyribosome

A

term for cluster of ribosomes attached to one mRNA during translation

39
Q

Chaperone Proteins

A

aid a newly synthesized protein in folding to its proper shape, help prevent improper association with other proteins. Some are also know as stress and heat proteins because they help repair proteins damaged by either heat or stress to the cell.

40
Q

Where are proteins that are secreted from the cell or packaged into lysosomes synthesized?

A

on the RER not free ribosomes. mRNA travels to RER where it docks onto the surface and that’s where translation takes place

41
Q

Postranslational Modificiation

A

carbohydrates may be added to the protein, it may involve removal of some amino acids, the protein may be folded and stabilized by disulfide bridges

42
Q

Proteins that remain in cell after being synthesized

A

Histones and actin

43
Q

Replication

A

process by which a cell makes a copy of its DNA producing 2 new daughter strands

44
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A

DNA replication produces 2 daughter DNA each with 1 new and 1 old helix conserved from parental DNA

45
Q

DNA Polymerase function

A

Detects and corrects errors in DNA replication, this happens in cell cycle G2

46
Q

Cell Phases

A

g1, S, g2, M (g0)

47
Q

g1

A

interval between cell division and DNA replication in which a cell synthesizes proteins, grows, accumulates the materials needed to replicate DNA in next phase

48
Q

S

A

cell makes a duplicate copy of its DNA and centrioles

49
Q

g2

A

short period of time of growth and preparation for mitosis in which cell produces enzymes that control cell division, and checks and repairs the newly copied DNA

50
Q

M

A

cell replicates its nucleus and forms 2 new daughter cells

51
Q

g0

A

cells are in a non-dividing phase outside of the cell cycle

52
Q

Steps of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

53
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers grow, centrioles migrate to the poles of the cell

54
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes align along the center of the cell

55
Q

Anaphase

A

Daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite polls of the cell

56
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes are gathered at the poles, chromatin decondenses, new nuclear envelope forms, new nuceloli appear, and the spindle fibers vanish

57
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

the lemon shaped array the spindle fibers form during metaphase, shorter microtubules form a starlike aster that anchors the spindle to the inside of the plasma membrane

58
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the cell’s cytoplasm into 2 cells

59
Q

Heredity

A

transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

60
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes that are the same size and shape and code for the same information (one from each parent)

61
Q

Cyclins & Cdks

A

Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases that help regulate the cell cycle

62
Q

X & Y chromosomes

A

Sex Chromosomes

63
Q

All other chromosomes

A

Autosomes

64
Q

Karyotype

A

chart the organizes chromosomes in order by size and other physical features

65
Q

Haploid

A

23 unpaired chromosomes, sperm & egg cells

66
Q

Diploid

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, all cells in body except sperm & egg cells

67
Q

Somatic Cells

A

all cells of the body except sperm and eggs

68
Q

Germ cells

A

sperm and egg cells

69
Q

3 specific points in cell cycle that a cyclin binds to a Cdks

A

During g1, late in g2, end of metaphase

70
Q

Locus

A

location of a specific gene on a chromosome

71
Q

Allelels

A

alternative forms of a gene

72
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles found at a loci on homologous chromosomes

73
Q

Homozygous

A

identical alleles at a loci on homologous chromosomes

74
Q

Carrier

A

a person who has a recessive allele that is not expressed phenotypically

75
Q

Genotype

A

refers to the alleles a person possesses for a trait

76
Q

incomplete dominance

A

inheritance of a trait in which a heterozygote has an intermediate expression between either allele

77
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

traits determined by genes at multiple loci. traits like eye and skin color. Determined by 2 or more genes

78
Q

Pleiotropy

A

one gene that has multiple phenotypic expressions

79
Q

Multiple allele inheritance

A

3 or more alleles exist for the same gene

80
Q

Why are men more likely to be color blind?

A

Color blindness is a sex linked, recessive trait, it is found on the x chromosome. Females have 2 x chromosomes so even if one chromosome contains the recessive allele, it is very likely that the other x chromosome will have the dominant allele and mask the trait. Since males only have 1 X chromosome, they will phenotypically display whatever allele they inherit for any sex linked trait, there’s no chance of the allele being masked.

81
Q

Codominant trait

A

both alleles of a heterozygote are expressed

82
Q

Type O Blood

A

people with type O blood are homozygous for this recessive allele

83
Q

Red flower crossed with white flower produces pink flower. What is this an example of?

A

Incomplete dominance

84
Q

Penetrance

A

the percentage of a population with a given genotype that actually exhibits the predicted phenotype

85
Q

What do genes need to produce a phenotypic effect?

A

Nutritional and environmental input

86
Q

Epigenetic Effects

A

alter gene expression, reversibly activating and silencing genes without changes in base sequence

87
Q

Genetic Code

A

pattern of nitrogenous bases that represents the 20 amino acids of a protein

88
Q

Growth factors

A

chemical that signals cells to divide

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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