CH 6 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Accessory organs of the integumentary system
A
Hair, nails, cutaneous glands
2
Q
Skin makes up what % of body weight?
A
8% , largest and heaviest organ of the body
3
Q
What does thick skin have? What is it lacking?
A
It has sweat glands but lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands
4
Q
Where is thick skin found?
A
Palms of hands and soles of feet
5
Q
Integumentary System Functions:
A
thermoregulation, sensory reception, Vitamin D production
6
Q
Hypodermis
A
Connective tissue layer that lies between the skin and the deeper muscle or other tissue
7
Q
What classifies skin as thick or thin?
A
the thickness of stratum corneum
8
Q
Where is thin skin found?
A
Everywhere except the palms of hands, soles of the feet, fingertips, and toes
9
Q
What is impaired in burn patients?
A
Vitamin D production
10
Q
Region with the fewest sensory receptors in the skin
A
The back
11
Q
What inhibits bacterial growth on skin?
A
Dryness of the skin and the acid mantle
12
Q
Method of preserving body heat
A
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin
13
Q
Stem Cells
A
undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to Keratinocytes in skin
14
Q
Keratinocytes
A
epidermal cells that produce keratin
15
Q
Melanocytes
A
cells that produce dark pigments that act as a UV shiled
16
Q
Tactile cells
A
sensory receptors for touch
17
Q
Dendritic Cells
A
Immune cells that guard against pathogens that penetrate into the skin
18
Q
5 cell types found in Epidermis
A
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, stem cells, dendritic cells, tactile cells
19
Q
Epidermal layers from deepest to most superficial
A
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
20
Q
Thickest layer in thin skin
A
stratum spinosum
21
Q
Thickest layer in thick skin
A
stratum corneum
22
Q
Stratum Granulosum
A
cells contain coarse, dark staining Keratohyalin granules
23
Q
Dendritic cells origin
A
originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the skin
24
Q
Stratum Lucidum
A
contains the clear protein eledin and is visible only in thick skin
25
Life cycle of Keratinocyte
1) Stem cells divide to produce new keratinocytes
2) Mitosis ceases as epidermal cells are pushed upward
3) Keratinocytes flatten and produce waterproof bundles of keratin filaments
4) Keratinocytes dies
5) Dead keratinocytes flake off surface of the skin
26
Dander
dead keratinocytes that flake off of the skin
27
Dandruff
dander mixed with sebum, usually found on scalp
28
What aids with water retention in skin?
there is a lipid layer between stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum
29
Where is the dermis the thickest?
In the palms and soles
30
Tissue found in papillary layer of the dermis
Areolar connective tissue
31
Why are injections administered in the hypodermis?
because the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular and therefore produces a big immune response
32
What is the papillary layer rich in?
Blood vessels
33
2 layers of the Dermis
Papillary (superior) and reticular layers (inferior)
34
Primary tissue of hypodermis
Adipose tissue
35
What gives normal healthy skin a pink color?
Hemoglobin
36
Carotene
yellow pigment that can become concentrated to various degrees in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat
37
Cyanosis
blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen circulating in the blood
38
Eumelanin
form of melanin that has a brownish-black color
39
Erythema
abnormal redness of the skin
40
Pallor
pale or ashen color that occurs when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white of the dermal collagen shows through
41
Albinism
genetic lack of melanin that results in milky white hair and skin and blue-gray eyes
42
Hematoma
aka a bruise, is a mass of clotted blood showing through the skin
43
Friction Ridges
enhance sensitivity to texture by vibrating and stimulating lamellar corpuscles in the skin when fingertips stroke uneven surfaces
44
Flexion lines
the creases found on the surfaces of the hands
45
Juandice
yellowing of the skin caused by accumulating bilirubin that is excreted by the liver
46
Freckles and Moles
aggregations of melanized Keratinocytes
47
Skin markings
flexion creases, friction ridges, and patches of pigmentation
48
Hemangiomas
Birthmarks, patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries
49
Capillary Hemangiomas
strawberry birthmarks
50
Cavernous Hemangiomas
Flatter and duller in color
51
Port-wine Stain
flat and pinkish to dark purple in color, typically does not regress or fade with age
52
Thinnest (softest) hair to thickest (coarsest) hair
Lanugo, vellus, terminal hair
53
Individual hair is also known as
a Pilus
54
Vellus hair characteristics and abundance in females and males
Fine, pale hair. Constitutes about 2/3 of hair in women and 1/10 of hair in men
55
Lanugo Hair
fine hair found on a fetus in the last 3 months of development
56
Terminal Hair
predominant form of hair found on scalp
57
Shaft
the part of the hair that projects from the surface of the skin
58
What nourishes hair cells?
Dermal papillae
59
Hair matrix
the region of actively mitotic cells above the papilla
60
Layers of hair from outermost to innermost
Cuticle, Cortex, Medulla
61
Epithelial Root Sheath
an extension of the epidermis that lies adjacent to the hair root
62
Root
all parts of the hair below the surface
63
What is an extension of the vascular system into the hair bulb?
the dermal papilla
64
2 main layers of hair follicle
epithelial root sheath and connective tissue root sheath
65
Bulge of the hair follicle
Functions as a source of stem cells for follicle growth
66
What causes goosebumps?
Piloerector contractions
67
Wavy Hair
oval cross section shape
68
Straight Hair
round cross section shape
69
Tight curly hair
flat round section shape
70
Gray and White hair
caused by absence of melanin in the cortex of the hair and presence of air in the medulla
71
3 phases of hair cycle
Anagen, Catagen, Telogen
72
Anagen
stem cells in hair bulge multiply, follicle deepens, and hair grows in length. Lasts about 6 to 8 years
73
Catagen
mitosis ceases, follicle shrinks, and hair dies and loses its anchorage. Lasts about 2 to 3 weeks
74
Telogen
follicle rests for 1 to 3 months and begins hair cycle again
75
What influences pattern baldness expression?
Testosterone levels which is why it is seen more in men and menopausal women
76
Hirsutism
excessive or unwanted hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy, especially in women and children. Caused by hormone inbalances
77
Why would a bald man feel cold air on his scalp?
Scalp lacks an insulating fat layer. Also dense hair on scalp helps insulate warm air near scalp
78
Alopecia
Thinning of the hair or baldness
79
Vibrissae
Guard hairs, guard the nostrils and ear canals preventing particles from entering
80
Pattern baldness
loss of hair in specific areas of the scalp
81
Fingernails and Toenails
derivatives of the stratum corneum
82
Hyponychium
epidermis of the nail bed
83
Nail bed
skin underlying the nail plate (hyponychium)
84
Lunule
white crescent area located over the nail matrix
85
Eponychium
cuticle, narrow zone of dead skin that commonly overlays proximal end of the nail
86
Flat or concave nails
Iron deficiency
87
Nail body
portion of fingernail or or toenail that is attached to the finger or toe
88
Apocrine sweat glands
occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola, and beard area. Produce sweat that contains fatty acids
89
Clubbed fingertips
sign of longterm hypoxemia (deficiency of oxygen in the blood)
90
Bromhidrosis
clinical term for disagreeable body odor
91
Merocrine sweat glands
aka eccrine sweat glands. Relatively narrow lumen and duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface. Especially abundant on palms, soles, and the forehead. Primary function is to cool the body
92
Myoepithelial cells
cells found in apocrine and merocrine sweat glands that have contractile properties similar to smooth muscle
93
Diaphoresis
sweat is produced causing noticeably wet skin during exercise or circulatory shock
94
Sebum
secreted by sebaceous glands and functions as a lubricant for the hair and skin
95
Ceruminous Glands
secrete substance that combines with sebum to keep eardrum protected
96
Sebaceous Glands
flask shaped glands with short ducts, usually open into a hair follicle or directly onto skin
97
Mammary Glands
Modified apocrine sweat glands. usually only active in pregnant and lactating females
98
Polythelia
the presence of additional nipples
99
Basal Cell carcinoma
most common type of skin cancer, least deadly. Arises from stratum basale and eventually invades the dermis. On the surface, first appears as small, shiny bumpy. As it enlarges, often developes a central depression.
100
BRAF in men
Oncogene that causes about 2/3 of cases of melanoma in men
101
BRAF in women
oncogene that is linked to melanoma and breast cancer in women
102
How are the 3 types of skin cancer distinguished from each other?
by their lesions and zones of tissue injury
103
Electrodesiccation
destruction of the cancer lesion by heat
104
Eschar
burned, dead tissue
105
Debridement
removal of eschar
106
What is principle cause of death in burn patients?
Circulatory shock due to fluid loss
107
Allografts or homografts
skin grafts from different individuals
108
Isografts
tissue transplant between identical twins
109
Autograft
Skin taken from one part of your own body, and grafted onto another
110
Xenograft
Skin graft from different species like a pig
111
Nocireceptors
respond to potentially damaging stimuli and trigger sensation of pain
112
Mechanoreceptors
Respond to mechanical stimuli like touch and vibration
113
How are melanin granules distributed in light and dark skin?
melanin granules in keratinocytes are tighter in light skin and more spread out in darker skin
114
Brown and Black hair are rich in what?
Eumelanin
115
Red hair
little bit of eumelanin but high concentration of pheomelanin
116
Blonde Hair
Intermediate amount of pheomelanin but very little eumelanin
