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Anatomy & Physiology > CH 6 > Flashcards

CH 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory organs of the integumentary system

A

Hair, nails, cutaneous glands

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2
Q

Skin makes up what % of body weight?

A

8% , largest and heaviest organ of the body

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3
Q

What does thick skin have? What is it lacking?

A

It has sweat glands but lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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4
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A

Palms of hands and soles of feet

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5
Q

Integumentary System Functions:

A

thermoregulation, sensory reception, Vitamin D production

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6
Q

Hypodermis

A

Connective tissue layer that lies between the skin and the deeper muscle or other tissue

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7
Q

What classifies skin as thick or thin?

A

the thickness of stratum corneum

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8
Q

Where is thin skin found?

A

Everywhere except the palms of hands, soles of the feet, fingertips, and toes

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9
Q

What is impaired in burn patients?

A

Vitamin D production

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10
Q

Region with the fewest sensory receptors in the skin

A

The back

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11
Q

What inhibits bacterial growth on skin?

A

Dryness of the skin and the acid mantle

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12
Q

Method of preserving body heat

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin

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13
Q

Stem Cells

A

undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to Keratinocytes in skin

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14
Q

Keratinocytes

A

epidermal cells that produce keratin

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15
Q

Melanocytes

A

cells that produce dark pigments that act as a UV shiled

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16
Q

Tactile cells

A

sensory receptors for touch

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17
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Immune cells that guard against pathogens that penetrate into the skin

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18
Q

5 cell types found in Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, stem cells, dendritic cells, tactile cells

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19
Q

Epidermal layers from deepest to most superficial

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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20
Q

Thickest layer in thin skin

A

stratum spinosum

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21
Q

Thickest layer in thick skin

A

stratum corneum

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22
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

cells contain coarse, dark staining Keratohyalin granules

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23
Q

Dendritic cells origin

A

originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the skin

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24
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

contains the clear protein eledin and is visible only in thick skin

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25
Q

Life cycle of Keratinocyte

A

1) Stem cells divide to produce new keratinocytes
2) Mitosis ceases as epidermal cells are pushed upward
3) Keratinocytes flatten and produce waterproof bundles of keratin filaments
4) Keratinocytes dies
5) Dead keratinocytes flake off surface of the skin

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26
Q

Dander

A

dead keratinocytes that flake off of the skin

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27
Q

Dandruff

A

dander mixed with sebum, usually found on scalp

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28
Q

What aids with water retention in skin?

A

there is a lipid layer between stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

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29
Q

Where is the dermis the thickest?

A

In the palms and soles

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30
Q

Tissue found in papillary layer of the dermis

A

Areolar connective tissue

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31
Q

Why are injections administered in the hypodermis?

A

because the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular and therefore produces a big immune response

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32
Q

What is the papillary layer rich in?

A

Blood vessels

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33
Q

2 layers of the Dermis

A

Papillary (superior) and reticular layers (inferior)

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34
Q

Primary tissue of hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue

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35
Q

What gives normal healthy skin a pink color?

A

Hemoglobin

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36
Q

Carotene

A

yellow pigment that can become concentrated to various degrees in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

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37
Q

Cyanosis

A

blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen circulating in the blood

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38
Q

Eumelanin

A

form of melanin that has a brownish-black color

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39
Q

Erythema

A

abnormal redness of the skin

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40
Q

Pallor

A

pale or ashen color that occurs when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white of the dermal collagen shows through

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41
Q

Albinism

A

genetic lack of melanin that results in milky white hair and skin and blue-gray eyes

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42
Q

Hematoma

A

aka a bruise, is a mass of clotted blood showing through the skin

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43
Q

Friction Ridges

A

enhance sensitivity to texture by vibrating and stimulating lamellar corpuscles in the skin when fingertips stroke uneven surfaces

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44
Q

Flexion lines

A

the creases found on the surfaces of the hands

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45
Q

Juandice

A

yellowing of the skin caused by accumulating bilirubin that is excreted by the liver

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46
Q

Freckles and Moles

A

aggregations of melanized Keratinocytes

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47
Q

Skin markings

A

flexion creases, friction ridges, and patches of pigmentation

48
Q

Hemangiomas

A

Birthmarks, patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries

49
Q

Capillary Hemangiomas

A

strawberry birthmarks

50
Q

Cavernous Hemangiomas

A

Flatter and duller in color

51
Q

Port-wine Stain

A

flat and pinkish to dark purple in color, typically does not regress or fade with age

52
Q

Thinnest (softest) hair to thickest (coarsest) hair

A

Lanugo, vellus, terminal hair

53
Q

Individual hair is also known as

A

a Pilus

54
Q

Vellus hair characteristics and abundance in females and males

A

Fine, pale hair. Constitutes about 2/3 of hair in women and 1/10 of hair in men

55
Q

Lanugo Hair

A

fine hair found on a fetus in the last 3 months of development

56
Q

Terminal Hair

A

predominant form of hair found on scalp

57
Q

Shaft

A

the part of the hair that projects from the surface of the skin

58
Q

What nourishes hair cells?

A

Dermal papillae

59
Q

Hair matrix

A

the region of actively mitotic cells above the papilla

60
Q

Layers of hair from outermost to innermost

A

Cuticle, Cortex, Medulla

61
Q

Epithelial Root Sheath

A

an extension of the epidermis that lies adjacent to the hair root

62
Q

Root

A

all parts of the hair below the surface

63
Q

What is an extension of the vascular system into the hair bulb?

A

the dermal papilla

64
Q

2 main layers of hair follicle

A

epithelial root sheath and connective tissue root sheath

65
Q

Bulge of the hair follicle

A

Functions as a source of stem cells for follicle growth

66
Q

What causes goosebumps?

A

Piloerector contractions

67
Q

Wavy Hair

A

oval cross section shape

68
Q

Straight Hair

A

round cross section shape

69
Q

Tight curly hair

A

flat round section shape

70
Q

Gray and White hair

A

caused by absence of melanin in the cortex of the hair and presence of air in the medulla

71
Q

3 phases of hair cycle

A

Anagen, Catagen, Telogen

72
Q

Anagen

A

stem cells in hair bulge multiply, follicle deepens, and hair grows in length. Lasts about 6 to 8 years

73
Q

Catagen

A

mitosis ceases, follicle shrinks, and hair dies and loses its anchorage. Lasts about 2 to 3 weeks

74
Q

Telogen

A

follicle rests for 1 to 3 months and begins hair cycle again

75
Q

What influences pattern baldness expression?

A

Testosterone levels which is why it is seen more in men and menopausal women

76
Q

Hirsutism

A

excessive or unwanted hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy, especially in women and children. Caused by hormone inbalances

77
Q

Why would a bald man feel cold air on his scalp?

A

Scalp lacks an insulating fat layer. Also dense hair on scalp helps insulate warm air near scalp

78
Q

Alopecia

A

Thinning of the hair or baldness

79
Q

Vibrissae

A

Guard hairs, guard the nostrils and ear canals preventing particles from entering

80
Q

Pattern baldness

A

loss of hair in specific areas of the scalp

81
Q

Fingernails and Toenails

A

derivatives of the stratum corneum

82
Q

Hyponychium

A

epidermis of the nail bed

83
Q

Nail bed

A

skin underlying the nail plate (hyponychium)

84
Q

Lunule

A

white crescent area located over the nail matrix

85
Q

Eponychium

A

cuticle, narrow zone of dead skin that commonly overlays proximal end of the nail

86
Q

Flat or concave nails

A

Iron deficiency

87
Q

Nail body

A

portion of fingernail or or toenail that is attached to the finger or toe

88
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola, and beard area. Produce sweat that contains fatty acids

89
Q

Clubbed fingertips

A

sign of longterm hypoxemia (deficiency of oxygen in the blood)

90
Q

Bromhidrosis

A

clinical term for disagreeable body odor

91
Q

Merocrine sweat glands

A

aka eccrine sweat glands. Relatively narrow lumen and duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface. Especially abundant on palms, soles, and the forehead. Primary function is to cool the body

92
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

cells found in apocrine and merocrine sweat glands that have contractile properties similar to smooth muscle

93
Q

Diaphoresis

A

sweat is produced causing noticeably wet skin during exercise or circulatory shock

94
Q

Sebum

A

secreted by sebaceous glands and functions as a lubricant for the hair and skin

95
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

secrete substance that combines with sebum to keep eardrum protected

96
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

flask shaped glands with short ducts, usually open into a hair follicle or directly onto skin

97
Q

Mammary Glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands. usually only active in pregnant and lactating females

98
Q

Polythelia

A

the presence of additional nipples

99
Q

Basal Cell carcinoma

A

most common type of skin cancer, least deadly. Arises from stratum basale and eventually invades the dermis. On the surface, first appears as small, shiny bumpy. As it enlarges, often developes a central depression.

100
Q

BRAF in men

A

Oncogene that causes about 2/3 of cases of melanoma in men

101
Q

BRAF in women

A

oncogene that is linked to melanoma and breast cancer in women

102
Q

How are the 3 types of skin cancer distinguished from each other?

A

by their lesions and zones of tissue injury

103
Q

Electrodesiccation

A

destruction of the cancer lesion by heat

104
Q

Eschar

A

burned, dead tissue

105
Q

Debridement

A

removal of eschar

106
Q

What is principle cause of death in burn patients?

A

Circulatory shock due to fluid loss

107
Q

Allografts or homografts

A

skin grafts from different individuals

108
Q

Isografts

A

tissue transplant between identical twins

109
Q

Autograft

A

Skin taken from one part of your own body, and grafted onto another

110
Q

Xenograft

A

Skin graft from different species like a pig

111
Q

Nocireceptors

A

respond to potentially damaging stimuli and trigger sensation of pain

112
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to mechanical stimuli like touch and vibration

113
Q

How are melanin granules distributed in light and dark skin?

A

melanin granules in keratinocytes are tighter in light skin and more spread out in darker skin

114
Q

Brown and Black hair are rich in what?

A

Eumelanin

115
Q

Red hair

A

little bit of eumelanin but high concentration of pheomelanin

116
Q

Blonde Hair

A

Intermediate amount of pheomelanin but very little eumelanin

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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