Flashcards in Ch. 11-Endocrine System Deck (113):
1
pineal gland
regulates circadian rhythms
2
thyroid and parathyroid glands
regulate metabolic rate and blood calcium level
3
adrenal glands
regulate water and electrolyte levels
4
pancreas
regulates blood sugar levels
5
pituitary gland
regulates many other endocrine glands
6
thymus gland
development of immune system
7
ovaries
regulate female reproductive system
8
testes
regulate male reproductive system
9
endocrine system
collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
10
hormones
chemicals that act on their target organs to either increase of decrease the target's activity level
11
homeostasis
maintaining a stable internal environment; endocrine system is responsible for this
12
exocrine glands
release hormones into a duct that carries them outside the body
13
endocrine glands
release hormones directly into the bloodstream, aka ductless glands
14
endocrine system consists of:
two adrenal glands, two ovaries, four parathyroid glands, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, two testes, thymus gland, and thyroid gland
15
where are adrenal glands located?
above each kidney
16
two sections of the adrenal gland
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
17
adrenal cortex
manufactures corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones)
18
mineralocorticoids
aldosterone, regulates sodium
19
glucocorticoids
cortisol, regulates carbohydrates
20
steroid sex hormones
androgens (may be converted to estrogen in bloodstream), regulates secondary sexual characteristics
21
adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine (aka adrenaline & norepinephrine) which is important during emergency situations because it allows the body to perform better
22
where are the ovaries located?
lower abdominopelvic cavity, female gonads
23
gonads
organs that produce gametes or the reproductive sex cells
24
ova
female gametes
25
what do ovaries produce?
estrogen and progesterone
26
estrogen
responsible for female sexual characteristics and regulation of menstrual cycle
27
progesterone
maintains a suitable uterine environment for pregnancy
28
where is the pancreas located?
along the lower curvature of the stomach
29
the pancreas is the only organ that has what?
both endocrine and exocrine functions: exocrine portion releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum, endocrine section produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar
30
islets of Langerhans
the endocrine portion of the pancreas, named after Dr. Paul Langerhans, a german anatomist. produce insulin and glucagon
31
insulin
produced by beta cells, lowers blood sugar level
32
glucagon
produced by alpha cells, raises blood sugar level
33
where are the parathyroid glands located?
anterior surface of thyroid gland
34
parathyroid hormone
secreted by parathyroid gland, regulates calcium levels in the blood
35
where is the pineal gland located?
in the thalamus region of the brain
36
melatonin
hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates circadian rhythms
37
where is the pituitary gland located?
underneath the brain
38
two sections of the pituitary gland
anterior lobe and posterior lobe, both controlled by hypothalamus
39
anterior pituitary
secretes growth hormone (somatotropin), thyroid-stimulating hormone, andrenocorticotropin hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and melanocyte stimulating hormone
40
growth hormone
(GH, aka somatotropin) promotes growth in the body
41
thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) regulates function of the thyroid gland
42
adrenocorticotropin hormone
(ACTH) regulates function of adrenal cortex
43
prolactin
(PRL) stimulates milk production in breasts after giving birth
44
follicle-stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone
(FSH&LH) influence male and female reproductive organs
45
gonadotropins
follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
46
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH) stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin, darkening the skin
47
posterior pituitary
secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
48
antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules
49
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery, and releases milk from mammary glands
50
where are the testes located?
scrotal sac of the male
51
what do testes produce?
sperm (male gametes) and testosterone
52
testosterone
produces male secondary sexual characteristics and regulates sperm production
53
what does the thymus gland produce?
thymosin
54
thymosin
important for proper development of the immune system and T cells
55
where is the thymus gland located?
mediastinal cavity anterior and superior to the heart
56
where is the thyroid gland located?
either side of the trachea and larynx
57
what does the thyroid gland produce?
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
58
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
(T4&T3) regulate production of energy and heat in the body to adjust metabolic rate; produce from iodine
59
calcitonin
(CT) lowers blood calcium levels
60
endocrinology
diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of endocrine glands
61
edema
body tissues contain excessive amounts of fluid
62
exophthalmos
the eyeballs protrude, generally caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone
63
glycosuria
high level of sugar in urine
64
gynecomastia
development of breast tissue in males
65
hirsutism
excessive amount of hair
66
hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in the blood
67
hyperglycemia
high level of sugar in the blood
68
hyperkalemia
high level of potassium in the blood
69
hypocalcemia
low levels of calcium in the blood
70
hypoglycemia
low levels of sugar in the blood
71
hyponatremia
low level of sodium in the blood
72
polydipsia
excessive feeling of thirst
73
Addison's disease
deficiency of adrenocortical hormones; increased skin pigmentation, generalized weakness, and weight loss
74
adrenal feminization
development of female secondary sexual characteristics in a male
75
adrenal virilism
development of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female
76
Cushing's syndrome
excessive levels of cortisol; weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, and osteoporosis
77
pheochromocytoma
generally benign tumor of adrenal medulla; anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea
78
diabetes mellitus
chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria, there are two types
79
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
type 1; pancreas stops producing insulin, so patient must take daily insulin injections
80
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
type 2; pancreas produces insulin but cells fail to respond, so patients may take oral hypoglycemics but may eventually have to take insulin injections
81
insulinoma
tumor of islets of Langerhans cells, secretes excessive amounts of insulin
82
peripheral neuropathy
damage to nerves in lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes
83
Rechlinghausen disease
excessive production of parathyroid hormone resulting in degeneration of bones
84
tetany
nerve irritability and muscle cramps from hypocalcemia
85
acromegaly
enlargement of the bones of the head and extremities
86
diabetes insipidus
caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, may be polyuria and polydipsia
87
panhypopituitarism
deficiency in all hormones secreted by pituitary gland
88
cretinism
lack of thyroid hormones may result in arrested physical and mental development
89
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
90
Graves' disease
overactivity of the thyroid gland, can result in goiter and exophthalmos
91
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis; results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones
92
myxedema
anemia, slow speech, swollen facial features, edematous skin, as a result of hyposecretion of thyroid gland
93
thyrotoxicosis
marked overproduction of the thyroid gland; rapid heartbeat, tremors, thyromegaly, exophthalmos, weight loss
94
blood serum test
blood test to measure level of substances in the blood
95
fasting blood sugar
blood test to measure amount of sugar in the body after a 12-hour fast
96
glucose tolerance test
determines blood sugar levels
97
protein-bound iodine test
blood test to measure concentration of thyroxine in the bloodstream
98
radioimmunoassay
blood test that uses radioactively tagged hormones to measure quantity of hormone in plasma
99
thyroid function test
blood test used to measure levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream
100
total calcium
blood test to measure total amount of calcium
101
two hour postprandial glucose tolerance test
blood test to evaluate glucose metabolism
102
thyroid echography
ultrasound examination of the thyroid
103
thyroid scan
radioactive iodine is administered that localizes in the thyroid gland and can then be visualized
104
chemical thyroidectomy
large dose of radioactive iodine is given in order to kill thyroid gland cells
105
glucometer
device used for a diabetic to use at home to measure blood sugar
106
hormone replacement therapy
artificial replacement of hormones in patients with hyposecretion disorders
107
antithyroid agents
medication that blocks production of thyroid hormones
ex) methimazole, tapazole, propylithiouracil
108
corticosteroids
treat anti-inflammatory diseases and adrenal cortex hyposecretion disorders
ex) prednisone, Deltasone
109
human growth hormone therapy
hormone replacement therapy with human growth hormone to stimulate skeletal growth
ex) somatropin, Genotropin, somatrem, Protropin
110
insulin
administered to replace insulin for type 1 diabetics or to treat severe type 2 diabetes
ex) human insulin, Humulin L
111
Oral hypoglycemic agents
medications taken by mouth to decrease blood sugar
ex) metformin, Glucophage, glipizide, Glucotrol
112
thyroid replacement hormone
hormone replacement therapy for patients with hypothyroidism
ex) levothyroxine, Levo-T, liothyronine, Cytomel
113