Ch 12

Question 1

cell division

Answer 1

reproduction of cells

Question 2

cell cycle

Answer 2

life of a cell from formation to division

Question 3

What is the term for the cells resulting from cell division?

Answer 3

daughter cells

Question 4

genome

Answer 4

a cell’s endowment of DNA; all of the genes

Question 5

Eukaryotic DNA

Answer 5

multiple strands of long, linear molecules

Question 6

How is DNA packaged for cell division

Answer 6

coil into chromosomes

Question 7

Each eukaryotic chromosome consists of:

Answer 7

one long, linear DNA molecule and many proteins

Question 8

Chromatin

Answer 8

complex of DNA and proteins

Question 9

somatic cells

Answer 9

all body cells except reproductive cells

Question 10

gametes

Answer 10

reproductive cells

Question 11

Number of chromosomes in humans

Answer 11

46

Question 12

sister chromatids

Answer 12

joined copies of the original chromosome

Question 13

centromere

Answer 13

where chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid

Question 14

Mitosis

Answer 14

the division of genetic material in the nucleus, results in 2 identical cells

Question 15

cytokinesis

Answer 15

division of the cytoplasm

Question 16

What type of proteins are in chromosomes?

Answer 16

histone proteins

Question 17

Why is genetic material organized into chromosomes?

Answer 17

to ensure the equal distribution of DNA in cell division

Question 18

Meiosis converts from _____ to ______.

Answer 18

diploid to haploid

Question 19

Fertilization converts from _____ to ______.

Answer 19

haploid to diploid

Question 20

Diploid

Answer 20

2n = 46

Question 21

Haploid

Answer 21

n = 23

Question 22

telomere

Answer 22

cap at each end of chromosome, protects

Question 23

What would happen if a cell underwent mitosis but not cytokinesis

Answer 23

it would have two nuclei

Question 24

Centromere separates the chromosome into two…

Answer 24

arms

Question 25

The shorter arm of the chromosome is...

Answer 25

p-arm

Question 26

The longer arm of the chromosome is...

Answer 26

q-arm

Question 27

What makes up M phase?

Answer 27

mitotic phase: mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 28

Interphase

Answer 28

preparation for cell division

Question 29

order of phases

Answer 29

G1, S, G2, M

Question 30

G1

Answer 30

first gap, growth and differentiation

Question 31

S

Answer 31

synthesis, DNA replication

Question 32

G2

Answer 32

second gap, more growth and completes preparation for division

Question 33

Shortest phase of cell cycle

Answer 33

M phase

Question 34

Stages of mitosis

Answer 34

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Question 35

Significance of G0

Answer 35

cell never leaves the G1 growth stage, non dividing state

Question 36

centrosome

Answer 36

microtubule center in animals cells to form mitotic spindle

Question 37

Where does the chromosome attach to the mitotic spindle

Answer 37

centromere/ kinetochores

Question 38

Where do chromosomes line up in metaphase?

Answer 38

metaphase plate (imaginary)

Question 39

Cytokinesis in animals

Answer 39

cleavage, causes cleavage furrow, pinching in two

Question 40

Cytokinesis in plants

Answer 40

cell plate where cell wall materials collect

Question 41

order of chromosomes in relation to size

Answer 41

1-22, largest to smallest plus big x and small y

Question 42

centromere in center

Answer 42

metacentric

Question 43

centromere a little off center

Answer 43

submetacentric

Question 44

centromere more towards one end

Answer 44

acrocentric

Question 45

centromere on end

Answer 45

telocentric

Question 46

cancer and types

Answer 46

uncontrolled cell division benign: doesn't spread malignant: spreads through cardiovascular or lymphatic systems

Question 47

How do bacteria divide?

Answer 47

binary fission: cell grows to double its size then divides

Question 48

How is the genetic material in bacteria organized?

Answer 48

singular circular DNA molecule with associated proteins

Question 49

origin of replication

Answer 49

place on bacterial chromosome where replication starts

Question 50

What is the cyclically operating set of molecules that coordinates key events in the cell cycle?

Answer 50

cell cycle control system

Question 51

checkpoint

Answer 51

control point where stop and go signals can regulate the cycle

Question 52

major checkpoints

Answer 52

after the G1, G2, and M phases

Question 53

G1 checkpoint

Answer 53

restriction point, most important, sends cell to rest of cycle or remains in G0

Question 54

types of regulatory molecules

Answer 54

protein kinases and cyclins

Question 55

protein kinases

Answer 55

enzymes that phosphorylate: put phosphate groups on things

Question 56

Cdks

Answer 56

cyclin dependent kinases, kinase myst be attached to a cyclin to be active

Question 57

Cyclin concentration

Answer 57

cyclically fluctuating, peaks during S and G2

Question 58

How is the cell regulated by cyclins and CDKs?

Answer 58

activity of CDK rises with cyclin concentration, kinases ad MPF cause phosphorylation that contributes to molecular events, like fragmentation of nuclear envelope or initiation of mitosis.

Question 59

growth factor

Answer 59

protein released to stimulate other cells to divide

Question 60

density dependent inhibition

Answer 60

crowded cells stop dividing

Question 61

anchorage dependent inhibition

Answer 61

must be attached to a substratum/surface to divide

Question 62

Why is inhibition important?

Answer 62

checks growth of cells at optimal density and location

Question 63

transformation

Answer 63

process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell

Question 64

metastasis

Answer 64

spread of cancer cells to locations distant from original site.