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AP Bio > Communication Systems > Flashcards

Communication Systems Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

innate immunity

A

defense immediately upon infection

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2
Q

adaptive immunity

A

molecular recognition and response

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3
Q

difference between innate and adaptive

A

Adaptive is acquired and enhanced by previous exposure. Innate is the same no matter previous exposure.

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4
Q

key cell in adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes: type of WBC

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5
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

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6
Q

antigen

A

any substance that elicits response from B or T cells

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7
Q

antigen receptor

A

protein on B and T cells where they bind to antigens for recognition

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8
Q

antibody

A

soluble form of antigen receptor secreted by B cells

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9
Q

How do B cells recognize foreign invaders?

A

B cell receptors bind to the epitope of the antigen on the pathogen

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10
Q

How do T cells recognize foreign invaders?

A

T cells receptors bind to antigen fragments presented on surface of a protein called MHC molecule

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11
Q

Major characteristics of the immune system:

A
  1. diversity of receptors
  2. self tolerance
  3. clonal selection
  4. immunological memory
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12
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

an encounter with an antigen selects/dictates which lymphocyte to proliferate

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13
Q

humoral response

A

B cells eliminate pathogens in blood and lymph

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14
Q

cell-mediated response

A

T cells destroy infected host cells

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15
Q

helper T cells

A

send signal to initiate antibody production and activate T cells

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16
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

eliminate (lyse) infected cells

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17
Q

plasma cell

A

antibody factories. antibody-secreting effector cells

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18
Q

What are the antibody-mediated mechanisms for antigen disposal

A

neutralization
opsonization
pore formation

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19
Q

neutralization

A

block ability to bind to host cells

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20
Q

opsonization

A

tag for phagocytosis

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21
Q

pore formation

A

water rushes in, cell swells and lyses

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22
Q

effector cells

A

take effect immediately against antigen

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23
Q

memory cells

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A

give rise to effector cells if same antigen encountered

24
Q

primary immune response

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A

production of effector cells on first exposure

25
secondary immune response
faster and greater response if previous exposure
26
Which is faster: primary or secondary IR?
secondary
27
Basic function of immune system and how modes of operation carry it out
limit infection by destruction or inactivation of invaders
28
basic function of endocrine system
change cell activity
29
endocrine system
system of communication and regulation through chemical signalling by hormones
30
What are the two types of cellular response pathways in the endocrine system?
water soluble (polypeptides and amines) and lipid-soluble (steroids, hydrophobic)
31
signal transduction
series of changes in cellular proteins to convert extracellular chemical signal to intracellular response
32
Water soluble pathway
1. hormone secreted by exocytosis 2. binds to cell surface signal receptor 3. triggers cascade that synthesizes cAMP, activates protein kinase, and activates an enzyme
33
what is cAMP also known as?
second messenger
34
lipid soluble pathway
1. hormonediffuses out of cell 2. diffuses into target and binds to intracellular receptor 3. hormone-receptor complex moves into nucleus and alters transcription
35
negative feedback
response reduces initial stimulus to prevent excessive activity
36
positive feedback
response reinforces stimulus and elicits more response
37
antagonistic hormones
pair of negatively regulated hormone pathways that counterbalance
38
Explain insulin-glucagon system
control of blood glucose - when high, insulin triggers uptake from blood to body cells to lower the concentration - when low, glucagon promotes release of glucose into blood from energy stores to increase the concentration
39
Explain calcitonin-PTH system
control of Ca2+ in blood - when high, calcitonin inhibits break down of bone matrix - when low, PTH stimulates release from bones and absorption into blood
40
neurons
nerve cells that transfer info in body
41
nerves
bundles of neurons
42
cell body of neuron
directs activities
43
dendrites
receive messages
44
axons
transmit messages
45
Synapse
Junction where axonal terminal transmits message to next cell
46
Synaptic cleft
Gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells
47
Resting potential is
-70 millivolts mV
48
Impulse sent is called
Action potential, massive change in membrane voltage
49
Polarization
Potassium K+ pumped I’m through ion channels, sodium Na+ pumped out through ion channels Forms resting potential
50
Depolarization
Sodium rushes back in, potential energy now positive. This change pushes the impulse through the neuron to the axonal terminals.
51
Threshold
When membrane voltage reaches a particular value, action potential occurs
52
Refractory period
Repolarization, downtime before a second action potential can be released
53
How is a signal conducted between neurons?
1. Action potential arrives and depolarizes 2. Voltage-gated channels letting in Ca2+ 3. Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and releases neurotransmitters 4. Neurotransmitter binds to ion channels in postsynaptic membrane, to let sodium and potassium through
54
How does nervous system convey info?
Electrical signals
55
How do neurons speed up rate of an impulse?
Wider axons in invertebrates | Myelin sheath acts as Insulation to let current spread farther along axon
56
Information processing
Sensory input Integration Motor output

AP Bio (16 decks)

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