Ch 9 + 10

Question 1

What is the point of cellular respiration?

Answer 1

to make ATP

Question 2

aerobic respiration

Answer 2

consumes oxygen with organic fuel to harvest chemical energy

Question 3

anaerobic respiration

Answer 3

uses substances other than oxygen to harvest chemical energy (all same until end of ETC)

Question 4

Redox reactions

Answer 4

oxidation-reduction reactions

electron transfers from one reactant to another, which releases energy

Question 5

oxidation

Answer 5

loss of electron

Question 6

reduction

Answer 6

addition of electron

Question 7

reducing agent

Answer 7

electron donor

Question 8

oxidizing agent

Answer 8

electron acceptor

Question 9

Cellular respiration equation

Answer 9

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 10

Which substance is oxidized and which is reduced in respiration?

Answer 10

glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced

Question 11

What particle really represents the energy content of respiration?

Answer 11

electrons

Question 12

Electrons are ______ from _______

Answer 12

stripped from glucose

Question 13

Calculate energy efficiency

Answer 13

Glucose: -686 kilocalories/mole
ATP: -7.3 kilocalories/mole
Mr. Beer: net 36, 38% efficient
Book: net 32, 34% efficient

Question 14

3 stages of respiration and where they occur

Answer 14

1. Glycolysis: cytosol
2. Pyruvate Oxidation and Krebs Cycle: matrix of mitochondria
3. Oxidative phosphorylation: inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 15

Function of NADH and FADH

Answer 15

carry electrons like a wheelbarrow

Question 16

Glycolysis stages

Answer 16

energy investment and energy payoff

Question 17

Glycolysis: beginning and end, ATP, NADH and FADH

Answer 17

glucose to 2 pyruvates
net 2 ATP (2 used, 4 formed)
net 2 NADH

Question 18

Pyruvate oxidation and Krebs Cycle: beginning, middle, and end, ATP, NADH and FADH

Answer 18

pyruvate to acetyl CoA to CO2
1 ATP per turn (2 total before ox phos)
3 NADH, 1 FADH

Question 19

Oxidative phosphorylation stages

Answer 19

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Question 20

Oxidative phosphorylation: beginning and end, ATP

Answer 20

NADH and FADH2 to H20 and ATP

26-28 ATP

Question 21

Which two chemical mechanisms are responsible for generating ATP?

Answer 21

substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 22

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 22

enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate to ADP

Question 23

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 23

energy released by redox reactions of ETC powers ATP synthesis

Question 24

Cytochromes

Answer 24

electron carriers in ETC made up of protein and heme group. Breaks free energy drop into manageable steps, increasing electronegativity.

Question 25

chemiosmosis

Answer 25

energy coupling mechanism: energy stored in hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work like ATP synthesis

Question 26

ATP synthase

Answer 26

enzyme, molecular rotary motor, uses existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis

Question 27

Oxidative phosphorylation: big picture

Answer 27

ETC uses exergonic flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions into intermembrane space and then they diffuse down gradient through the synthase to power synthesis

Question 28

proton motive force

Answer 28

the hydrogen ion gradient used to synthesize ADP and Pi

Question 29

fermentation

Answer 29

continuous generation of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation of glycolysis

Question 30

conditions for fermentation

Answer 30

oxygen is not present | must have sufficient supply of NAD+

Question 31

alcohol fermentation

Answer 31

pyruvate to acetaldehyde, reduced to ethanol, and CO2 | ex: yeast

Question 32

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 32

pyruvate reduced to lactate | ex: muscle cells during strenuous exercise

Question 33

control of respiration

Answer 33

step 3 of glycolysis: phosphofructokinase feedback inhibition by ATP and citrate stimulation by AMP

Question 34

photosynthesis

Answer 34

conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in organic molecules

Question 35

Photosynthesis is a/an __________ process.

Answer 35

anabolic

Question 36

What are the two processes of photosynthesis

Answer 36

light (dependent) reactions and the Calvin Cycle (dark/ light independent reactions)

Question 37

light reactions beginning and end

Answer 37

solar energy to chemical energy and production of ATP and NADPH

Question 38

Calvin Cycle beginning and end

Answer 38

chemical energy to organic molecule G3P to make others like glucose

Question 39

Which substance is reduced and which is oxidized in photosynthesis?

Answer 39

CO2 is reduced and H20 is oxidized

Question 40

What makes photosynthesis different from respiration in terms of electrons?

Answer 40

electrons are given by H20 rather than C6H12O6 and carried by NADPH rather than NADH

Question 41

why does chlorophyll appear green?

Answer 41

only reflects green light, absorbs and uses rest

Question 42

What does light do to electrons? What substance provides these electrons in ps?

Answer 42

split H20 is the source | light drives transfer of electrons to acceptor NADP+ for reduction

Question 43

What prevents excited electrons from falling back to ground state?

Answer 43

continuous absorption of photons (provide energy required to move to excited state

Question 44

What part of the z-scheme is similar to respiration?

Answer 44

electron transport chains

Question 45

How does cyclic electron flow occur?

Answer 45

uses only photosystem 1 electrons cycle back to cytochrome complex generates ATP no production of NADPH or oxygen

Question 46

What enzyme in the Calvin Cycle acquires carbon (CO2)?

Answer 46

RUBP carboxylase/ rubisco

Question 47

(initial) products of Calvin Cycle

Answer 47

G3P: 3-phosphoglycerate

Question 48

Three phases of dark reactions

Answer 48

1. carbon fixation 2. reduction (G3P) 3. regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RUBP)

Question 49

fixation

Answer 49

combine with another substance to make usable

Question 50

Other than G3P, the Calvin Cycle also produces:

Answer 50

ADP and NADP+ + Pi

Question 51

wasteful and slow process

Answer 51

photorespiration: fixation of oxygen | does not produce sugar or ATP

Question 52

C4 plant pathway

Answer 52

O2 rich mesophyll cells export four-carbon compound to O2 poor bundle-sheath cells for Calvin Cycle

Question 53

CAM plants

Answer 53

light reactions in day, dark reactions esp with carbon at night