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AP Bio > Ch 6+7 > Flashcards

Ch 6+7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What devices are used to examine life at the cellular level?

A

light microscope, electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope

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2
Q

Which microscope can study living cells in color?

A

light microscope

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3
Q

Which microscope has a very high resolution?

A

electron microscope

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4
Q

Which microscope is used for detailed study of topography?

A

SEM

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5
Q

Which microscope is used to study the internal structure of cells?

A

TEM

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6
Q

What is cytology?

A

the study of cell structure

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7
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

study of chemical processes of cells

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8
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other structures

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9
Q

Steps of cell fractionation

A

homogenization (break up cell)

centrifugation (spin test tubes for separations)

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10
Q

Why do small cells work better than large cells?

A

Small cells have a greater ratio of surface area to volume. Cells need enough surface area to handle passage of enough substances to service cell. Volume grows proportionately more than surface area.

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11
Q

What encloses the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

A

nuclear envelope

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12
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

lines inner membrane of nuclear envelope to maintain shape

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13
Q

What is the dense sphere in the nucleus and what does it contain?

A

Nucleolus where rRNA and subunits of ribosomes are synthesized

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14
Q

What is chromatin?

A

complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

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15
Q

Nuclear pore

A

channel for substance transport between cytoplasm and nucleus

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16
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

carry out protein synthesis

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17
Q

In what 2 arrays can ribosomes be found?

A

free: suspended in cytosol
bound: attached the ER of nuclear envelope

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18
Q

Components of endomembrane system?

A

nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole

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19
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

generate ATP through cellular respiration

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20
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

create chemical energy through photosynthesis

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21
Q

What is cristae?

A

Folded inner membrane of mitochondria that separates it into inter membrane space and matrix, which contains enzymes and DNA and ribosomes

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22
Q

Proteins for cellular respirations are ______ into the inner membrane of mitochondria

A

embedded

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23
Q

What is stroma?

A

Fluid outside thylakoids in chloroplast

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24
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids

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25
What are thylakoids?
Flattened, interconnected sacs in the chloroplast
26
What is the function of a peroxisome and how does it do so?
To prevent poisoning of the cell | Removes O2 from substrates to break down and detoxify, producing H202. Simultaneously it breaks down H2O2 into water.
27
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
support, shape, motility
28
Microtubules
framework, tracks for movement, made of tubulin
29
Microfilaments
muscle contraction, changing shape, made of actin
30
Intermediate filaments
cell shape, anchor nucleus, made of keratin
31
Cell motility requires interaction of cytoskeleton with:
motor proteins
32
What are cilia and flagella?
microtubule-containing extensions from membrane that move fluid over surface
33
Structure of cilia and flagella
nine doublets of microtubules in ring and two single microtubules in center
34
What is a centrosome?
microtubule organizing center
35
What is middle lamella?
sticky polysaccharides between primary walls of adjacent cells to glue them together.
36
Extracellular matrix
communicates info about changes to environment
37
What separates last in centrifugation?
ribosomes
38
Where is DNA concentrated in prokaryotes?
nuceloid
39
Which organelle is manufactures lipids, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium?
smooth ER
40
Vacuole: Animal vs. plant
Plant cells have one large vacuole
41
What transports materials between places in the cell?
vesicles
42
Glycoproteins
has covalently bonded carbohydrates
43
Function of Golgi apparatus
receive, modify, store, package proteins
44
Function of rough ER
creates secretory proteins and membranes
45
Function of lysosome
digest macromolecules
46
Endosymbiont theory
ancestor of eukaryote engulfed prokaryotes, which evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts
47
Types of animal cell junctions
tight, gap, desmosome
48
Plant junction
plasmodesmata
49
tight junction
prevents leakage between cells
50
desmosome
rivet
51
gap junction
door/channel between cells
52
What is selective permeability?
allows some substances to cross more easily than others
53
What is the word meaning to have both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region?
amphipathic
54
What is the fluid mosaic model?
membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded or attached to phospholipid bilayer
55
Integral proteins
penetrate hydrophobic interior
56
transmembrane proteins
span whole membrane
57
peripheral proteins
loosely bound to surface of membrane
58
cholesterol in membranes
"fluidity buffer" wedged between phospholipds
59
functions of membrane proteins
transport, enzymatic activity, signal reception, cell-cell recognition, intercellular junctions, attachment to cytoskeleton or ECM
60
Glycoproteins and glycolipids are used in:
cell-cell recognition
61
Organelles involved in manufacturing membrane compounds:
ER: synthesis of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins Golgi: modify and create glycolipids Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and release secretory proteins.
62
Diffusion
spreading out of molecules to fill space evenly, passive
63
Osmosis:
diffusion of free water across selectively permeable membrane
64
Types of osmosis
isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
65
Isotonic
same concentrations inside and out, no net movement
66
Hypertonic
Higher outside concentration, lose water and shrivel
67
Hypotonic
Higher inside concentration, take in water and burst
68
What is the control of solute concentrations and water balance?
Osmoregulation
69
Turgid plant cell
very firm wall opposes further intake of water form hypotonic solution when cell has expanded enough
70
Flaccid plant cell
limp, no net tendency for water to enter from isotonic solution
71
Plasmolysis
plasma membrane pulls away from plant cell wall as cell shrivels, which causes wilting, happens in hypertonic solution
72
Facilitated diffusion
polar molecules and ions diffuse passively with help of transport proteins
73
Ion channels
channel proteins that transport ions
74
Gated channels
open or close in response to a stimulus
75
Active transport
expend energy to move against concentration gradient
76
What protein assists in active transport?
carrier proteins
77
Sodium potassium pump
Animal cell has higher concentration of potassium ions and lower concentrations of sodium ions than environment, pump maintains this
78
Cotransport
one pump causes indirect active transport of other substances
79
electrochemical gradient
concentration and membrane potential (voltage across membrane)
80
Methods of bulk transport
exocytosis and endocytosis
81
Exocytosis
vesicles fuse with membrane and spill out contents
82
Endocytosis
take in mater by forming new vesicles
83
Phagoendocytosis
engulfs matter with pseudopodia
84
pinoendocytosis
gulps nonspecific fluid
85
receptor-mediated endocytosis
bulk transport of specific matter identified when ligand binds to receptor site
86
Ligand
molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site

AP Bio (16 decks)

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