Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Bio > Ch 17 > Flashcards

Ch 17 Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How does DNA lead to specific traits?

A

It dictates the synthesis of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or RNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

stages of gene expression

A

transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The hypothesis of Beadle and Tatum

A

one gene, one enzyme: The function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Beadle and Tatum’s experiment

A

They bombarded a bread mold with x-rays to create mutants, and then they tested supplements to find what each mutant needed, which identified the defective pathway and step.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Srb and Horowitz

A

They distinguished three types of arginine-requiring mutants, each mutated at a different gene; each lacked a different enzyme to catalyze a different blocked step.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define RNA

A

the nucleic acid that is the bridge between DNA and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  • ribose instead of deoxyribose
  • uracil instead of thymine
  • single strand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define transciption

A

synthesis of mRNA using information in the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define translation

A

synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

in cytoplasm (at the ribosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ribosomes

A

complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, carries a coded genetic instructions from the DNA to the protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

primary transcript

A

initial RNA transcript from any gene which requires further processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

other name for primary transcript

A

pre-mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

central dogma

A

directional flow of genetic info

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?

A

Prokaryotes lack the compartmentalization of the nucleus. Translation begins while transcription is still ongoing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nucleotide bases code for ## amino acids.

A

4, 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

reading frame

A

the groupings of three that the code is read in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

triplet code

A

genetic info written as a series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

template strand

A

the DNA strand that is transcribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ____ strand is transcribed every time for a specific gene

A

same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

codons

A

mRNA nucleotide triplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The mRNA strand forms...
antiparallel in the 5' to 3' direction
26
start codon
AUG, methionine
27
stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
28
What does RNA polymerase do?
pries DNA strands apart and joins together complementary RNA nucleotides
29
RNA polymerase does not need:
a primer
30
There are three stages to both transcription and translation. What are they?
1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination
31
define transcription unit
the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
32
promoter
DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription
33
TATA box
DNA sequence containing TATA where transcription initiation complex binds and forms
34
transcription initiation complex
group of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter.
35
Why the TATA box?
Only 2 hydrogen bonds join A and T, so it is easy to break the strands apart
36
start point
nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins
37
terminator
signals end
38
RNA processing
enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA before it is sent to the cytoplasm
39
other name for RNA processing
post-transcriptional modification
40
Through RNA processing, the _____ _____ becomes the _____ ______.
primary transcript -> mature transcript
41
Parts of RNA processing
alteration of ends | RNA splicing
42
5' cap
modified form of G added to 5' end
43
poly-A tail
50 to 250 As added to 3' end
44
RNA splicing
cut out large portions of the primary transcript and splice together the remaining parts
45
introns
intervening noncoding segments
46
exons
expressed segments, coding regions
47
spliceosome
assembly of snRNPs and proteins that does the splicing
48
ribozymes
RNA that functions as enzymes
49
alternative RNA splicing
a gene can give rise to more than one kind of polypeptide depending on which segments are treated as exons
50
Alternative splicing and evolution
Might result in beneficial proteins with new structure and/or function
51
tRNA
translator of mRNA to build a polypeptide by transferring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the growing polypeptide in the ribosome
52
anticodon
nucleotide triplet on the end of tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon
53
What holds together the polypeptide chain?
peptide bonds
54
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
enzymes that correctly match up tRNA and amino acid
55
Why are proteins important?
as enzymes or structural proteins
56
UTR
untranslated region
57
open reading frame
part of the strand that becomes a polypeptide
58
mutation
change to genetic info
59
point mutations
change in single nucleotide pair
60
nucleotide-pair substitution
replacement of one pair with another pair
61
silent mutation
no observable effect on phenotype
62
missense mutation
substitutions that change one amino acid to another
63
repressor protein
doorstop that prevents RNA polymerase from moving along strand
64
Repressor proteins disengage when... and reengage when...
a specific substance binds to it, the substance is no longer present
65
repressible system
gene is always on and a repressor protein can't bind until the substance is present
66
sense strand
same sequence as mRNA, coding strand
67
antisense strand
template strand
68
nonsense mutation
changes a codon into a stop codon, premature termination
69
insertion
addition of nucleotide
70
deletion
removal of nucleotide
71
frameshift mutation
triplet groupings change due to insertion or deletion
72
mutagen
physical or chemical agents that cause mutations

AP Bio (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions