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AP Bio > Ch 16 > Flashcards

Ch 16 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a DNA molecule is copied

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2
Q

Frederick’s Griffith’s experiment

A

When he mixed the remains of heat-killed pathogenic bacteria with living nonpathogenic bacteria, some of the living cells became pathogenic. Demonstrated transformation

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3
Q

transformation

A

change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA

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4
Q

bacteriophages/phages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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5
Q

virus

A

DNA enclosed in protective protein coat

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6
Q

How does a virus reproduce?

A

reproduce by infecting cell and taking over metabolic machinery

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7
Q

When was Griffith’s experiment?

A

1928

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8
Q

How did Hershey and Chase demonstrate that nucleic acids were the genetic material?

A

Used radioactive sulfur to tag the protein and radioactive phosphorus to tag the DNA of T2 phages. Only the phosphorus tagged DNA entered the host cells, so nucleic acids transmitted the genetic information

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9
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A
  1. Base composition varies between species

2. The number of A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are equal

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10
Q

double helix

A

presence of two strands

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11
Q

antiparallel

A

the strands, specifically the backbones, run in opposite directions

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12
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A

a nitrogenous base, a five carbon ring, and a phosphate group

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13
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

just the base and carbon ring

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14
Q

What did Watson and Crick discover?

A

the double helix

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15
Q

Purines

A

2 rings, A and G

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16
Q

Pyrimidines

A

1 ring, T and C

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17
Q

According the complementary base pairing property, which bases pair with each other

A

A and T

G and C

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18
Q

What holds the sugar-phosphate backbone together?

A

phosphodiester linkage

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19
Q

What holds base pairs together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

How many bonds hold A and T together?

A

2

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21
Q

How many bonds hold G and C together?

A

3

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22
Q

Why does the twisted helix form?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • negative oxygens in the backbone repel each other
  • bond angles
  • Van der Waals interactions
23
Q

A ____ always pairs with a _____

Study These Flashcards
A

purine and pyrimidine

24
Q

Name of the five carbon ring

25
What is meant by 3' and 5'?
Refer to the direction of the strand. Named for carbon #3 and carbon #5 on the ring.
26
What were the two main potential models for DNA replication?
conservative and semiconservative
27
conservative model
original strands ultimately stay together and the new strands form a separate helix
28
semiconservative model
each daughter molecule will have one old strand and one new strand
29
The original parental strand acts as a ______ for replication
template
30
Meselson and Stahl
Proved the semiconservative model. DNA with light 14N was provided with heavy 15N for replication. When the replicated DNA was centrifuged, it only showed a band of 14N/15N.
31
origin of replications
short stretches of DNA with a specific nucleotide sequence where replication starts
32
replication bubble
opening created by the separation of strands from which replication proceeds in both directions
33
replication fork
Y-shaped region where parental strands are unwound
34
primer
initial RNA chain synthesized by primase in DNA replication and produced as a starting point for base insertion
35
DNA polymerases
enzymes that catalyze DNA synthesis by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain
36
DNA polymerases only move...
forward from 5' to 3' of the synthesized strand
37
leading strand
continuously adds bases, only one primer needed
38
lagging strand
synthesized discontinuously and requires multiple primers
39
How did Chargaff's rules contribute to the understanding of the DNA double helix
The equal numbers of bases created the idea that each had a complement on a complementary strand.
40
Why do we use the terms "leading" and "lagging" strands in DNA replication?
Leading continues as the strands unwind, but the lagging strand is delayed because it must wait for enough template to show; therefore it is the same speed but starts later and only works in segments.
41
What are Okazaki fragments?
the segments of the lagging strand, separated by gaps left by primers
42
Proofreading
check for base pairing errors as polymerase places them, removes wrong ones and continues
43
mismatch repair
when polymerase doesn't catch the error, other enzymes will remove and replace an incorrect pairing
44
Why might uncorrected "typos" actually be beneficial?
Mutations cause variation that have the potential to makes organisms better fit to live
45
What are telomeres or telomerase necessary
The gap from the primer at the 5' end of the DNA cannot be filled in by DNA polymerase because there is nowhere to start insertion. The cell will chop off the single strand left over.
46
telomeres
buffer nucleotide sequences at the end of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that postpone erosion.
47
telomerase
enzymes that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres, have built-in primers to fill in the gap
48
chromosome packing
chromosome condenses with protein to fit in the nucleus
49
chromatin
complex of DNA and protein
50
histone
positive protein that binds tightly to the negative DNA
51
nucleosome
basic unit of DNA packing, DNA wound twice around a protein core, unfolded, like beads on a string
52
Process of packing
``` DNA Histones Nucleosomes 30 nm fiber Looped domains Metaphase chromosome ```
53
Heterochromatin
condensed during interphase
54
Euchromatin
more dispersed during interphase

AP Bio (16 decks)

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