Ch 13

Question 1

Heredity

Answer 1

Inheritance, transmission of traits

Question 2

Genetics

Answer 2

Study of heredity and hereditary variation

Question 3

Genes

Answer 3

Hereditary units with coded information on chromosomes

Question 4

Locus

Answer 4

Location of gene on chromosome

Question 5

Gametes

Answer 5

Reproductive cells with n chromosomes

Question 6

Somatic cells

Answer 6

All body cells other than gametes with 2n chromosomes

Question 7

Describe the relationship between genes and chromosomes

Answer 7

One chromosome contains several hundred to a few thousand genes

Question 8

Asexual reproduction

Answer 8

Individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all of its chromosomes to its offspring. No fusion of gametes.

Question 9

Clone

Answer 9

Group of genetically identical individuals

Question 10

Asexual reproduction benefit vs drawback

Answer 10

Fast

No variation and therefore less likely to survive

Question 11

Sexual reproduction

Answer 11

Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

Question 12

Effect of sexual reproduction

Answer 12

Genetic variation

Question 13

Define life cycle

Answer 13

Generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism. Conception to production of its own offspring.

Question 14

Homologous chromosomes other name

Answer 14

Homologs

Question 15

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 15

The two chromosomes composing a pair. Same length, centromere position, and gene locations.

Question 16

Exception to Homologous chromosomes

Answer 16

Pair of male sex chromosomes

Question 17

Karyotype

Answer 17

Ordered display of chromosomes starting with the longest

Question 18

What would the human karyotype look like?

Answer 18

23 pairs totaling 46 chromosomes. 1-22 and x and y

Question 19

Sex chromosomes

Answer 19

X and y, determine an individual’s sex

Question 20

Autosomes

Answer 20

The others that aren’t sex chromosomes

Question 21

Haploid

Answer 21

Single set of chromosomes

Question 22

Diploid

Answer 22

Two sets of chromosomes

Question 23

What stage of the life cycle is haploid?

Answer 23

gametes (sperm and egg)

Question 24

What stage of the life cycle is diploid?

Answer 24

zygote into adulthood

Question 25

What life cycle process converts from haploid to diploid

Answer 25

fertilization

Question 26

What is fertilization?

Answer 26

union of gametes and fusion of their nuclei

Question 27

What life cycle process converts from diploid to haploid?

Answer 27

meiosis

Question 28

alternation of generation

Answer 28

life cycle that includes both diploid and haploid stages that are multicellular

Question 29

What organisms exhibit alternation of generation?

Answer 29

plants and certain algal species

Question 30

sporophyte

Answer 30

multicellular diploid stage

Question 31

gametophyte

Answer 31

multicellular haploid stage

Question 32

Two important stages of prophase I

Answer 32

synapsis and crossing over

Question 33

synapsis

Answer 33

the pairing of homologs along lengths

Question 34

crossing over

Answer 34

genetic rearrangement between non sister chromatids

Question 35

chiasmata

Answer 35

x-shaped regions where a crossover has occurred

Question 36

What is the name of the zipper-like protein structure in synapsis?

Answer 36

synaptonemal complex

Question 37

Meiosis is broken down into

Answer 37

meiosis I and II

Question 38

Similarities between meiosis I and II

Answer 38

same stages to produce daughter cells, similar splitting of DNA

Question 39

Differences between meiosis I and II

Answer 39

duplication only before I, produces diploid in I vs. haploid in II, separates chromosomes in I and chromatids in II.

Question 40

What events produce genetic variation?

Answer 40

meiosis and fertilization

Question 41

How do meiosis and fertilization produce variation?

Answer 41

1. independent assortment/random orientation of chromosomes 2. Crossing over: recombinant chromosomes that aren't exclusively maternal or paternal 3. Random fertilization