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Class A&P > Ch 13: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch 13: The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the 2 parts of the structural division of the respiratory system?

A

Upper respiratory system
Lower respiratory system

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2
Q

What are the parts of the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose
Mouth
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx

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3
Q

What are the parts of the lower respiratory system?

A

Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Lungs

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4
Q

What are the 2 functional zones of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting zone
Respiratory zone

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5
Q

What is this:
Increase surface area, thus providing for rapid warming and humidification of air

A

Nasal Conchae

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6
Q

What controls the pressure within the middle ear, making it equal with the air pressure outside the body?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube

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7
Q

What is this:
During swallowing, soft platelet and uvula move together to close off nasopharynx and prevent food from entering nasal cavity. Produces thin saliva

A

Uvula

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8
Q

What is the passage way for air and food?

A

Pharynx

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9
Q

What connects pharynx and trachea, contains vocal folds, which produce sound when they vibrate?

A

Larynx

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10
Q

What is a tracheotomy?

A

Incision into the trachea

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11
Q

What is the difference between the right and left lungs?

A

Right - 3 lobes, wider, shorter (makes room for liver)
Left - 2 lobes, narrower, cardiac notch

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12
Q

What’s in the conducting zone?

A

Trachea
Main Bronchi
Lobar
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

What’s in the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar sacs

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14
Q

What zone can gas exchange in?

A

Respiratory zone

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15
Q

What’s surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries?

A

Alveoli

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16
Q

Alveolar pores connect to what?

A

Adjacent alveoli

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17
Q

What equalizes air pressure throughout the lungs?

A

Alveoli

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18
Q

What provides alternative routes in case of blockages?

A

Alveoli

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19
Q

What keeps alveolar surfaces sterile?

A

Alveolar macrophages

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20
Q

What are the types of Alveolar Cells

A

Type I
Type II

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21
Q

What type of Alveolar Cell is this:

  • Cover majority of alveolar surface
  • Central nucleus and large thin cytoplasm
  • Not capable of division
A

Type I

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22
Q

What type of Alveolar Cell is this:

  • Produce pulmonary surfactant
  • Progenitor
A

Type II

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23
Q

What does a type II progenitor mean?

A

Means they turn into Type I of Alveolar cells

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24
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Liquid-air interfaces

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25
What is this: - Amphiphilic molecules - Absorbed in the air-water interface - Hydrophobic part in the air; hydrophilic part in water - Decreases surface tension
Surfactant
26
What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?
Insufficient quantity of surfactant in premature babies
27
What are the 3 pleural membranes?
Parietal pleural Visceral pleural Pleural cavity
28
What is attached to chest wall (recoil out) and has nerves, making it highly sensitive to pain?
Parietal pleural
29
What is attached to the lungs (recoil in) and has no sensory innervation?
Visceral pleural
30
What is the space between the pleura, containing small amount of pleural fluid?
Pleural cavity
31
What is this: Lungs have no muscles, volume of thoracic cavity is increased to increase volume in lungs
Mechanical coupling
32
What is respiration?
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells
33
Combination of 3 processes is required for respiration to occur, what are they?
1. Ventilation (breathing) 2. External (pulmonary) respiration 3. Internal (tissue) respiration
34
What is this: Air flows between the atmosphere and alveoli of the lungs due to alternating pressure differences - Created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles
Pulmonary muscles
35
What is inhilation?
Air in lungs (inspiration)
36
What is Exhalation?
Air out of lungs (expiration)
37
What is external (pulmonary) respiration?
Gas exchanged at the alveolus
38
What is Internal (tissue) respiration?
Gas exchanged at the systemic capillary
39
What is PATM?
Atmospheric pressure
40
What is pressure extorted by air surrounding body? (760 mmHg)
PATM
41
What is PA? (AKA Intrapulmonary pressure)
Alveolar Pressure
42
What is this: - Vary with ventilation (fluctuates with breathing) - Always eventually equalize with PATM - Pressure in alveoli
PA
43
What is PIP?
Intrapleural pressure
44
What is this: - Vary with ventilation - Pressure in pleural cavity - Always less than PATM and PA (4mmHg less than PA) - Due to inward and outward forces - 2 inward forces pull lungs in - 1 outward force pulls lungs out
PIP
45
What is Pneumothorax? What does it cause?
Air in the pleural cavity due to a lung collapse Causes intrapleural pressure to become equal to intrapulmonary pressure
46
What is Boyle's Law?
Pressure and volume of gas have INVERSE relationship (pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation)
47
What's the equation for Boyle's Law?
P __ V
48
Look at the graph on Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
49
Where does this take place: The opposing elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall are in equilibrium and there is no exertion by the diaphragm or other respiratory muscles
Functional residual capacity
50
What are capacities?
Sum of volume
51
What is tidal volume?
Normal breathing
52
Big inhale after normal inhale is what?
Inspiratory reserve volume
53
Exhale as much as you can is what?
Expiratory reserve volume
54
Left over air in body is the what?
Residual volume
55
What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?
Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
56
What is Vital Capacity (VC)?
Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
57
What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?
Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) + Residual Volume (RV)
58
What is 20% more soluble than O2?
CO2
59
What occurs between lungs & blood and blood & tissues?
Gas Exchange
60
What is external respiration?
Diffusion of gases between blood and lungs CO2 leaves and O2 enters bloodstream
61
What is internal respiration?
Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues CO2 enters and O2 leaves bloodstream
62
Both external and internal respirations are subject to what?
- Basic properties of gases - Composition of alveolar gas
63
Where does external respiration occur?
In the lungs
64
Where does internal respiration occur?
In the body tissues
65
Where does gas transport occur?
In the blood vessels Blood transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and cells
66
What is external respiration influenced by?
- Partial pressure gradients - Gas solubilities - Ventilation - perfusion coupling - Thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
67
What is internal respiration influenced by?
- Partial pressure gradients - Gas solubilities
68
Look at Alveolus-RBC chart
69
Why is the respiratory membrane surface area greater than alveolar surface area?
It allows for more gas to diffuse across respiratory membrane
70
Gases diffuse from areas of _______ partial pressure to areas of _____ partial pressure
High / Low
71
__________: pulmonary arterioles serving the alveoli constrict
Ventilation < than perfusion
72
________: pulmonary arterioles serving the alveoli dilate
Ventilation > than perfusion
73
What does V stand for? (AKA air)
Ventilation
74
What does Q stand for? (AKA blood)
Perfusion
75
What percentage of O2 is dissolved in the plasma?
1.5%
76
What percentage of O2 is carried by hemoglobin?
98.5%
77
What percentage of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma?
7%
78
What percentage of CO2 is carried by the Hb (hemoglobin) inside red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin?
23%
79
What percentage of the CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3)?
70%
80
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Oxygen bound to hemoglobin (w/ out iron)
81
What color is oxyhemoglobin?
Bright red
82
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Oxygen not bound to hemoglobin
83
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
CO2 is bound to globin in hemoglobin
84
Do O2 and CO2 bind to Hb differently?
Yes
85
Affinity of O2 for Hb depends on what?
- Poz and Pco2 in blood - Blood pH - Temperature
86
Look at CO2 Transport picture
87
What are the 2 controls of respiration?
Hypercapnia and Hypoxia
88
What is this: - Strongest stimuli - Slight increase in Pco2 (and thus H+) - Stimulates central chemoreceptors
Hypercapnia
89
What is this: - Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level - Caused by a low Po2 in arterial blood - Due to high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid in lungs
Hypoxia
90
What are the 2 breathing control centers?
Pons centers Medulla centers
91
Efferent nerve impulses from medulla trigger contractions of inspiratory muscles in which nerves?
Phrenic nerves Intercostal nerves

Class A&P (17 decks)

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