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Class A&P > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass
May exist as one of these 3 states: solid, liquid, gaseous
May be changed

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2
Q

What kind of change is matter when the change doesn’t alter the basic nature of a substance?

A

Physical

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3
Q

What kind of change is matter when the change alters the chemical composition of a substance?

A

Chemical

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4
Q

What is Energy?

A

The ability to do work
Has no mass and doesn’t take up space

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of energy?

A

Kinetic and Potential

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6
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy is doing the work

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7
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy is inactive or stored

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8
Q

Where is chemical energy stored?

A

In chemical bonds of substances

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9
Q

What are the 3 forms of energy?

A

Chemical
Electrical /Mechanical
Radiant

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10
Q

What is Electrical energy?

A

It’s resulted from movement of charged particles

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11
Q

What is Mechanical energy?

A

Energy directly involved in moving matter

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12
Q

What is Radiant energy?

A

Energy of the electromagnetic spectrum; travels in waves

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13
Q

What are elements?

A

Fundamental units of matter

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14
Q

96% of the body is made from what 4 elements?

A

Oxygen (65% of body’s mass)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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15
Q

What is the role of Oxygen?

A

A major component of both organic and inorganic molecules
As a gas, essential to the oxidation of glucose and other food fuels, during which cellular energy (ATP) is produced

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16
Q

What is the role of Carbon?

A

Primary element in all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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17
Q

What is the role of Hydrogen?

A

A component of all organic molecules
As an ion, it influences the pH of body fluids

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18
Q

What are atoms?

A

Building blocks of elements

*Atoms of elements differ from one another

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19
Q

What charge are protons?

A

Positive

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20
Q

What charge are neutrons?

A

No charge

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21
Q

What charge are electrons?

A

Negative

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22
Q

All atoms are electrically ___________

A

neutral

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23
Q

Number of protons equals number of _________ in an atom

A

Electron

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24
Q

What 2 types of subatomic particles cancel each other out?

A

Positive and Negative

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25
What are ions?
Atoms that have lost or gained electrons
26
What is an anion?
Atom with a negative charge
27
What is a cation?
Atom with a positive charge
28
What are isotopes?
Atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons that vary in the number of neutrons Isotopes have the same atomic number but different atomic masses
29
What is this: - Heavy isotope pf certain atoms - Tends to be unstable and decay - Decomposes to more stable isotope
Radioisotope
30
What is radioactivity?
Process of spontaneous atomic decay
31
What is radioactivity used for?
To tag and trace biological molecules through the body
32
What is a molecule?
2 or more atom of the SAME elements combined chemically
33
What is a compound?
2 or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements combined chemically
34
What do electrons determine about atoms?
Determine the atom's chemical behavior and bonding properties
35
When do chemical reactions occur?
When atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms
36
Chemical bonds are energy relationships involving what?
Interactions among the electrons of reacting atoms
37
Electrons occupy energy levels called ______________
Electron shells
38
Bonding involves interactions only between electrons in the outermost (___________) shell
Valence
39
What is the Rule of Eight
Atoms are considered stable when valence shell has 8 electrons and chemically inactive (inert)
40
What is the exception to the Rule of Eight?
Shell 1 can only hold 2 electrons
41
Are polar covalent bonds hydrophilic?
Yes
42
Are nonpolar covalent bonds hydrophilic?
No they're hydrophobic
43
What chemical reaction is this: A + B -> AB
Synthesis
44
What chemical reaction is this: AB -> A + B
Decomposition
45
What is surface tension?
Where water and air stick to each other
46
What is biochemistry?
Chemical composition of living matter
47
What type of compound is this: - Lack carbon - Tend to be small, simple molecules - Include water, salts, and many (not all) acids and bases
Inorganic Compounds
48
What type of compound is this: - Contain carbon - All are large, covalent molecules - Include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Organic Compounds
49
Which inorganic compound is this: - Most abundant in body - Vital properties include: high heat capacity, polarity / solvent properties, chemical reactivity, and cushioning
Water
50
What is high heat capacity?
Water absorbs and releases a large amount of heat before it change temperature
51
What does high heat capacity prevent?
Sudden changes in body temperature
52
What is often called the "universal solvent"?
Water
53
When do colloids form?
When solutes of intermediate size form from a translucent mixture
54
Reactions that require water are known as what?
Hydrolysis reactions
55
What is cushioning?
Water serving as a protective function
56
What inorganic compound is this: - Contain cations other than H+ or OH- - Easily dissociate (break apart) into ions in the presence of water - vital to many body functions
Salts
57
What inorganic compound is this: - Electrolytes that dissociate (ionize) in water and release H+ ions (proton donors) - Strong acids ionize completely and liberate all their protons
Acids
58
What inorganic compound is this: - Electrolytes that dissociate in water and release OH- ions (proton acceptors)
Bases
59
What measures the [H+]
pH
60
What is the pH scale based on?
The number of protons in a solution
61
The pH scale runs from _____________
0 to 14
62
In the pH scale, what number is neutral?
7
63
What are macromolecules?
Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids
64
What is a polymer?
Chainlike molecules made of many repeating units (monomers)
65
How do you make / break down a polymer?
Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis
66
What is this: Monomers are joined by removal of OH from 1 monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation
Dehydration Synthesis
67
What is this: Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule; adding OH to 1 monomer and H to the other
Hydrolysis
68
What Carbohydrate is this: Simple sugars and the structural units of the carbohydrates group; glucose
Monosaccharides
69
What Carbohydrate is this: 2 simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis; Sucrose, Maltose
Disaccharides
70
What Carbohydrates is this: Long branching chains of linked simple sugars Primary function: energy storage (starch and Glycogen)
Polysaccharides
71
What are Triglycerides?
Fat Energy Storage
72
What are the Lipids?
Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Nucleic Acids
73
What is this: Account for over half of the body's organic matter - provide for construction materials for body tissues - play a vital role in cell function - act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies Built from building blocks called amino acids No storage form
Proteins
74
True or false: Amino acids can function as acid or base
True
75
Amino acids are joined by covalent bonds called what?
Peptide Bonds
76
What is a buffer?
Substance that resists changes in pH by donating a H+ when pH is too basic OR accepting a H+ when pH is too acidic
77
What is one of the most important buffer systems?
Carbonic Acid H3CO3
78
What is Acidosis?
too much H+
79
What is Alkalosis?
Not enough H+
80
What is DNA?
Genetic code Codes for specific proteins Double strand
81
What are the 4 bases in DNA?
Adenine - T Thymine - A Guamsine - C Cytosine - G
82
What is RNA?
Acids in carrying out protein Single strand
83
What is the different base in RNA from DNA?
Uracil instead of Thymine

Class A&P (17 decks)

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