Ch. 16 Endocrine

Question 1

What is a feature that characterizes the endocrine system?

Answer 1

It stimulates any cell in the body that has the appropriate hormone receptor

Question 2

Which statement correctly describes the interaction between a hormone and it’s target cell?

A) Insulin, a water soluble hormone, binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane of the target cell

B) Prolactin, a water soluble hormone, binds to a receptor in the cell nucleus

C) Testosterone, a lipid soluble hormone, binds to a G protein in the cell that activates a gene

D) Estrogen, a lipid soluble hormone, exerts signalling effects on the cell through an intracellular second messenger

Answer 2

A) Insulin, a water soluble hormone, binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane of the target cell

Question 3

Action potentials require ____ channels, whereas graded potentials require ____ channels.

Answer 3

Voltage gated; chemically gated

Question 4

Elevated blood glucose stimulates the cells of the pancreas to secrete the hormone insulin. The pancreas is responding to what type of stimulus?

Answer 4

Humoral

Question 5

____ stimulus includes nutrients and critical ions.

Answer 5

Humoral

Question 6

Persistently low levels of a hormone can cause its target cells to form additional receptors for that hormone.

Answer 6

Up-regulation

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ but produces hormones in addition to its major excretory function?

A) Pituitary
B) Thymus
C) Kidneys
D) Pancreas

Answer 7

Kidney cells produce the hormones renin and erythropoietin, but their primary function is excretion of body waste.

Question 8

Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by ________.

Answer 8

binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex

Steroid hormones enter the cell and form a DNA-hormone complex before they change cellular function.

Question 9

Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of ________.

Answer 9

epinephrine

The preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 10

The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include ________.

Answer 10

glucose-containing hormones

The chemical classification of hormones is either amino acid–based hormones or steroids.

Question 11

The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by ________.

Answer 11

TH

Thyroid hormones control the consumption of oxygen by all body tissues by way of an increase in glucose metabolism.

Question 12

The stimulus for secreting parathyroid hormone is a good example of a ________.

Answer 12

humoral stimulus

The declining levels of calcium ions in the blood control secretion of PTH, which is a humoral stimulus.

Question 13

The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of ________.

Answer 13

steroid hormones

A steroid hormone complex controls the formation of new messenger RNA.

Question 14

Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

A) Copper
B) Sulfur
C) Zinc
D) Iron
E) Iodine

Answer 14

Iodine

Question 15

The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the ________.

Answer 15

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

It is through the hypophyseal portal system that releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by neurons in the ventral hypothalamus circulate to the adenohypophysis, where they regulate secretion of its hormones.

Question 16

Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid?

A) Autocrine
B) Paracrine
C) Endocrine
D) Neural

Answer 16

paracrine

Question 17

What describes a hormone that CANNOT exhibit its full effect without the presence of another hormone?

Answer 17

permissiveness

In permissiveness, a hormone needs another hormone to be fully effective.

Question 18

Oxytocin and ADH are synthesized in the _____.

Answer 18

hypothalamus

Question 19

The hypothalamus is considered a _____ organ.

Answer 19

neuroendocrine

Question 20

Eicosanoids are NOT true hormones because they ________.

Answer 20

act locally

Question 21

How do protein kinases affect enzymes?

Answer 21

They cause phosphorylation of the enzyme that either activates or inhibits it.

Question 22

Which hormone is NOT being synthesized if a goiter forms?

Answer 22

TH

Question 23

What is true about water-soluble hormones?

Answer 23

Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest half-life.

Question 24

The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the ________ system.

Answer 24

nervous

Question 25

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for ________.

Answer 25

ACTH

Question 26

Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT ________. A) ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer B) damage to the pineal gland C) after neurosurgery D) after general anesthesia

Answer 26

damage to the pineal gland

Question 27

____ enzymes mediate iodination of thyroid hormones.

Answer 27

Peroxidase

Question 28

A congenital condition that includes mental retardation; short, disproportional body size; and a thick tongue and neck is caused by ________.

Answer 28

deficiency of thyroxin A deficiency of thyroxin during fetal development would lead to a congenital condition known as cretinism, which includes mental retardation; short, disproportional body size; and a thick tongue and neck.

Question 29

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by ________.

Answer 29

an increase in parathyroid hormone

Question 30

Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all tissues except the ____.

Answer 30

brain

Question 31

Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the ________.

Answer 31

adipose tissue

Question 32

Which of the following hormones does the skin produce? A) Renin B) Melatonin C) Erythropoietin D) Cholecalciferol

Answer 32

Cholecalciferol

Question 33

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is a hormone that is secreted by the ________ and targets the kidneys and adrenal cortex.

Answer 33

heart

Question 34

Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. T/F

Answer 34

True

Question 35

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called ________.

Answer 35

Antagonism

Question 36

The ____ ____ has traditionally been called the “master endocrine gland” because many of the numerous hormones it produces regulate the activity of other endocrine glands. In recent years, however, it has been dethroned by the ____, which is now known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary.

Answer 36

anterior pituitary; hypothalamus

Question 37

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances results from hyposecretion of growth hormone? A) Gigantism B) Acromegaly C) Pituitary dwarfism D) Elephantiasis

Answer 37

Pituitary dwarfism

Question 38

Which of the following hormones stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production? A) GH B) Prolactin C) TSH D) FSH

Answer 38

FSH

Question 39

As blood levels of ________ rise, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and finally end in birth.

Answer 39

oxytocin

Question 40

What is NOT one of the areas in which thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role?

Answer 40

Helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload Because TH provokes an increase in the number of adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, it plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure. Additionally, it is important in regulating tissue growth and development. It is critical for normal skeletal and nervous system development and maturation and for reproductive capabilities.

Question 41

Which of the following conditions, if left untreated, progresses to respiratory paralysis and death? A) Hypoparathyroidism B) Hypothyroidism C) Hyperparathyroidism D) Hyperthyroidism

Answer 41

Hypoparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism, or PTH deficiency, most often follows parathyroid gland trauma or removal during thyroid surgery. However, an extended deficiency of dietary magnesium (required for PTH secretion) can cause functional hypoparathyroidism. The resulting hypocalcemia increases the excitability of neurons and accounts for the classical symptoms of tetany, such as loss of sensation, muscle twitches, and convulsions. Untreated, the symptoms progress to respiratory paralysis and death.

Question 42

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances usually results from deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids? A) Graves' B) Cushing's C) Addison's D) cretinism

Answer 42

Addison’s disease Addison’s disease, the major hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex, usually involves deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Its victims tend to lose weight; their plasma glucose and sodium levels drop, and potassium levels rise. Severe dehydration and hypotension are common.

Question 43

Hormones promote homeostasis by ____ of body cells rather than by ____.

Answer 43

altering activity; stimulating new or unusual actvities

Question 44

What type of hormone: Binds to receptors in nucleus Is lipid soluble Activates a gene to transcribe mRNA

Answer 44

Steroid hormones

Question 45

What type of hormone: Binds to a plasma membrane receptor Acts through a second messenger

Answer 45

Amino acid-based hormones

Question 46

Inadequate amounts of ____ would result in tetany.

Answer 46

PTH

Question 47

Inadequate amounts of ____ would lead to a goiter.

Answer 47

Thyroxine

Question 48

Inadequate amounts of ____ would lead to cretinism, a type of dwarfism in which the individual has child-like proportions and is mentally retarded.

Answer 48

Thyroxine

Question 49

Excessive amounts of ____ would lead to lantern jaw and large hands and feet

Answer 49

GH

Question 50

Excessive amounts of ____ would lead to bulging eyes, nervousness, and increased pulse rate (Graves')

Answer 50

Thyroxine

Question 51

Excessive amounts of ____ would lead to demineralization of bones.

Answer 51

PTH

Question 52

Excessive amounts of ____ would lead to a moon face, and depression of the immune system (Cushing's)

Answer 52

Glucocoricoids

Question 53

ACTH, FSH, LH, and ____ are tropic hormones.

Answer 53

TSH

Question 54

What is the adrenal cortex hormone involved in regulating salt levels.

Answer 54

Aldosterone

Question 55

What is the basal metabolic hormone?

Answer 55

Thyroxine

Question 56

Oxytocin and ____ are hormones necessary for milk production and ejection.

Answer 56

Prolactin

Question 57

FSH and ____ are anterior pituitary hormones that regulate the ovarian cycle.

Answer 57

LH

Question 58

What endocrine structure develops from the brain?

Answer 58

Posterior pituitary

Question 59

What are 4 tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 59

LH, ACTH, TSH, & FSH

Question 60

Smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by ?

Answer 60

Oxytocin

Question 61

ANP, the hormone secreted by the heart, has exactly the opposite function of which hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 61

Aldosterone

Question 62

Hypothyroidism can cause ?

Answer 62

Cretinism

Question 63

Which of the following is given as a drug to reduce inflammation? A) Epinephrine B) Cortisol C) Aldosterone D) ADH

Answer 63

Cortisol

Question 64

Which of the following hormones are released by neurons? A) Oxytocin B) Insulin C) ADH D) Cortisol

Answer 64

ADH & Oxytocin

Question 65

Most hormones are released as needed; the exception to this is ____.

Answer 65

Thyroxine

Question 66

Name the 3 types of hormones.

Answer 66

Amino acid- most hormones, water soluble; epinephrine Steroids- synthesized from cholesterol, lipid soluble; cortisol Eicosanoids- Leukotrines (allergic & inflammatory rxn) and Prostaglandins (coagulation, BP, uterine contractions)

Question 67

The Anterior Pituitary is also known as ?

Answer 67

Hypophysis

Question 68

The pituitary connects to the ____ superiorly via the ____.

Answer 68

Hypothalamus; Infundibulum

Question 69

The posterior pituitary releases two neurohormones:

Answer 69

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 70

Oxytocin action

Answer 70

Stimulates smooth muscle contractions during childbirth

Question 71

The anterior pituitary releases six hormones:

Answer 71

1. Growth Hormone (GH) 2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 5. Luetinizing Hormone (LH) 6. Prolactin

Question 72

GH action

Answer 72

Anabolic, protein synthesis, utilizes fat for energy

Question 73

TSH action

Answer 73

Normal development of thyroid

Question 74

ACTH action

Answer 74

Stimulate adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

Question 75

FSH action

Answer 75

Stimulates gamete production

Question 76

LH action

Answer 76

Promotes production of gonadal hormones

Question 77

Prolactin action

Answer 77

Milk production in breasts

Question 78

Hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume.

Answer 78

ADH

Question 79

Disease characterized by passage of a large quantity of dilute urine plus intense thirst and dehydration caused by inadequate release of ADH

Answer 79

Diabetes insipidus

Question 80

Tropic hormones

Answer 80

A hormone that regulates the secretory action of another endocrine organ.

Question 81

Select the correct statement regarding hypothalamus and pituitary interactions. A) The hypophyseal portal connects the hypothalamus with posterior pituitary B) In response to hormone release from anterior pituitary, the hypothalamus releases hormones into circulation C) Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin into the blood in response to action potentials from hypothalamus D) ADH travels from hypothalamus through portal veins where it inhibits hormones made in anterior pituitary

Answer 81

C) Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin into the blood in response to action potentials from hypothalamus

Question 82

____ from the posterior pituitary initiates milk ejection from mammary glands, whereas ____ from anterior pituitary promotes milk production.

Answer 82

Oxytocin; Prolactin

Question 83

Iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; accelerates cellular metabolic rate in most body tissues.

Answer 83

T4 (Thyroxine)

Question 84

Severe hypothyroidism is also known as:

Answer 84

Myxedema

Question 85

Autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland is directly stimulated by antibodies; causes markedly increased secretion of thyroid hormone.

Answer 85

Graves' disease

Question 86

Hormone released by the thyroid that lowers blood calcium levels when present at high levels; antagonizes PTH.

Answer 86

Calcitonin

Question 87

Hormone that increases serum calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines.

Answer 87

PTH

Question 88

Steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ and K+ metabolism and fluid balance.

Answer 88

Mineralcorticoids

Question 89

Name the chief mineralcorticoid

Answer 89

Aldosterone

Question 90

Adrenal cortex hormones that increase blood glucose levels and aid the body in resisting long-term stressors.

Answer 90

Glucocorticoids

Question 91

Name the chief glucocorticoid

Answer 91

Cortisol

Question 92

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine; a class of amines that act as chemical messengers.

Answer 92

Catecholamines

Question 93

____ is synthesized in the adrenal medulla.

Answer 93

Epinephrine

Question 94

How is Aldosterone classified?

Answer 94

Mineralcorticoid

Question 95

____, a glucocorticoid, increases blood glucose, amino acids and fatty acids, and supresses the immune system.

Answer 95

Cortisol

Question 96

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 96

Hangs from the roof of the third ventricle

Question 97

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 97

Melatonin

Question 98

In the pancreas, what cells do what tasks?

Answer 98

Alpha cells release glucagon; fewer | Beta cells release insulin; numerous

Question 99

What is Progesterone's action?

Answer 99

Promotes breast development and prepares the uterus for fertilization (menstruation)

Question 100

The heart produces ____, which reduces blood pressure and volume.

Answer 100

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Question 101

The major stimulus for PTH is ?

Answer 101

Humoral

Question 102

The anterior pituitary secretes all except ? A) ADH B) GH C) Gonadotropins D) TSH

Answer 102

A) ADH

Question 103

A hormone not involved in glucose metabolism is ? A) Glucagon B) Cortisone C) Aldosterone D) Insulin

Answer 103

C) Aldosterone

Question 104

If anterior pituitary secretion in a child is deficient, the child will ?

Answer 104

become a dwarf, but have relatively normal body proportions

Question 105

Name the tropic hormone that stimulates the gonads to produce sex hormones.

Answer 105

LH

Question 106

What hormone causes sodium reabsorption by the kidneys?

Answer 106

Aldosterone

Question 107

_____ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

Answer 107

Permissiveness