Ch. 22 Respiratory System

Question 1

During inspiration, air moves into the lungs because _____.

Answer 1

the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts

Question 2

Alveolar ventilation rate is ____.

Answer 2

the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time

Question 3

Hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where ______.

Answer 3

pH is more acidic

Question 4

Boyle’s law states that ____.

Answer 4

volume changes lead to pressure changes

Question 5

The Bohr effect states that ____.

Answer 5

CO2 loading and lower pH enhance O2 release

Question 6

In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is ______.

Answer 6

approximately 104 millimeters of mercury

Question 7

The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is approximately ___ millimeters of mercury, which is about 35% less than that of the atmospheric PO2.

Answer 7

104

Question 8

Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is ______.

Answer 8

converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma

Question 9

The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the ______.

Answer 9

epiglottis

Question 10

The epiglottis shields the opening to the ___ during swallowing.

Answer 10

larynx

Question 11

The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called ______.

Answer 11

pulmonary ventilation

Question 12

Which tissue lines the trachea?

Answer 12

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 13

____ is the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory event.

Answer 13

Vital capacity

Question 14

The ____ are air passages under 1 millimeter in diameter.

Answer 14

bronchioles

Question 15

Involuntary hyperventilation during an anxiety attack can cause a person to become faint because of _______.

Answer 15

lowered CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels

Question 16

Lowered CO2 levels in the blood cause cerebral blood vessels to ____ , reducing brain perfusion and causing ischemia.

Answer 16

constrict

Question 17

Which of the following gases has NO effect in the blood until hyperbaric conditions occur, such as in scuba diving, and can form bubbles in blood when an individual surfaces too quickly?

Answer 17

nitrogen

Question 18

____ conditions can cause nitrogen to form bubbles in blood when an individual surfaces too quickly.

Answer 18

Hyperbaric

Question 19

What term describes the increase in depth and force of breathing that occurs during vigorous exercise?

Answer 19

hyperpnea

Question 20

Approximately 20% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as _______.

Answer 20

carbaminohemoglobin

Question 21

The ___ in the medulla generates the basic respiratory rhythm.

Answer 21

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

Question 22

What is NOT a function of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?

Answer 22

gas exchange

Question 23

The walls of the conducting zone are too thick to allow____.

Answer 23

gas exchange

Question 24

Loudness of voice depends on the ___ with which the air stream rushes over the vocal cords.

Answer 24

force

Question 25

The C-shaped ____ in the trachea wall, not the trachealis muscle, prevent the trachea from collapsing and keeps it patent despite the pressure changes that take place during breathing.

Answer 25

cartilage rings

Question 26

What enzyme, which is ideally located in the lung capillary membrane of the pulmonary circuit, acts on material in the blood, thereby activating an important blood pressure hormone?

Answer 26

angiotensin converting enzyme

Question 27

What type of pressure keeps the air spaces in the lungs open?

Answer 27

transpulmonary

Question 28

Loss of lung elasticity is a contributing factor in ____, not atelectasis.

Answer 28

emphysema

Question 29

Airway resistance is insignificant in relationship to gas flow because ______.

Answer 29

the airways branch extensively as they get smaller, resulting in a huge total cross-sectional area

Question 30

The transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the ______ and the ______ pressure.

Answer 30

intrapulmonary; intrapleural

Question 31

Which substance, produced by type II alveolar cells, decreases alveolar surface tension?

Answer 31

surfactant

Question 32

____ are nonrespiratory movements that are caused by the presence of an irritant in the nasal cavity.

Answer 32

Sneezes

Question 33

The dorsal respiratory group _______.

Answer 33

is located near the root of cranial nerve IX

Question 34

The pontine respiratory group is responsible for all of the following functions EXCEPT _______.

Answer 34

stimulating the contraction of the diaphragm

Question 35

T/F The respiratory zone is composed of the trachea and the paranasal sinuses.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

What are the hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles, such as pollen and dust, from inspired air?

Answer 36

vibrissae

Question 37

________ is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip.

Answer 37

Rhinitis

Question 38

List the regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior.

Answer 38

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 39

The ______ is covered by a mucosa containing taste buds and keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages.

Answer 39

epiglottis

Question 40

T/F The bronchial, or respiratory, tree branches approximately 23 times within the lungs.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

The ______ are the main site of gas exchange within the lungs.

Answer 41

alveoli

Question 42

The ______ is the elastic connective tissue found within the lungs.

Answer 42

stroma

Question 43

______, or lung collapse, is a homeostatic imbalance that occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged.

Answer 43

Atelectasis

Question 44

When too little surfactant is present, surface tension forces can collapse the ____.

Answer 44

alveoli

Question 45

Since inadequate pulmonary surfactant is produced until the last two months of fetal development, babies born prematurely often are unable to keep their ____ inflated between breaths because of a lack of surfactant.

Answer 45

alveoli

Question 46

T/F Henry's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

Answer 46

False (Dalton's law)

Question 47

T/F Henry's law states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

hich form of hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered? (This type of hypoxia is usually the consequence of metabolic poisons, such as cyanide.)

Answer 48

histotoxic hypoxia

Question 49

Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the greatest amount of CO2 transported in blood?

Answer 49

as bicarbonate ions in plasma

Question 50

The increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs is called ______.

Answer 50

hyperpnea

Question 51

T/F Emphysema is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli and loss of lung elasticity.

Answer 51

True

Question 52

T/F Lung cancer is among the easiest forms of cancer to successfully treat and cure.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

____ cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women in North America

Answer 53

Lung