CH 17

Question 1

CNS pathway

Answer 1

CONSIST OF TRACTS (BUNDLES OF AXONS)
AND NUCLEI (CLUSTERS OF CELL BODIES)

Question 2

sensory pathway

Answer 2

(ASCENDING PATHWAYS) CARRY SENSORY
INFORMATION FROM THE BODY TO THE BRAIN

Question 3

motor pathway

Answer 3

(DESCENDING PATHWAYS) TRANSMIT MOTOR
INFORMATION FROM THE BRAIN TO MUSCLES OR GLANDS

Question 4

NEURON COMPONENT LOCATION

Answer 4

• NEURON CELL BODIES ARE IN PERIPHERAL GANGLIA, SPINAL GREY
  HORNS OR BRAIN NUCLEI
• NEURON AXONS ARE IN TRACTS OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

Question 5

tracts are paired

Answer 5

ANY GIVEN PATHWAY EXISTS ON BOTH
THE LEFT AND THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY

Question 6

TWO OR MORE NEURONS ARE INVOLVED: PATHWAYS CONSIST
OF CHAINS OF NEURONS

Answer 6

• SENSORY PATHWAYS HAVE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY NEURONS
• MOTOR PATHWAYS HAVE UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURONS

Question 7

Decussate

Answer 7

MOST PATHWAYS DECUSSATE (CROSS) SO THAT THE BRAIN
PROCESSES INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONTRALATERAL
(OPPOSITE) SIDE OF BODY
-LEFT BRAIN PROCESSES RIGHT BODY INFORMATION; RIGHT BRAIN
PROCESSES LEFT BODY INFORMATION

Question 8

SENSORY PATHWAYS

Answer 8

ASCEND AND CONDUCT INFORMATION
ABOUT LIMB POSITION, TOUCH, TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND
PAIN

Question 9

SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS

Answer 9

PROCESS STIMULI FROM SKIN,
SKELETAL MUSCLE, AND JOINTS

Question 10

VISCEROSENSORY PATHWAYS

Answer 10

PROCESS STIMULI RECEIVED
FROM INTERNAL ORGANS (VISCERA)

Question 11

SOMATIC SENSORY (SOMATOSENSORY) RECEPTORS INCLUDE

Answer 11

• TACTILE RECEPTORS: IN SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANES; MONITOR
  CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OBJECT (SUCH AS TEXTURE)
• PROPRIOCEPTORS: WITHIN JOINTS, SKELETAL MUSCLES, TENDONS;
  DETECT STRETCH AND PRESSURE

Question 12

Primary neurons

Answer 12

sensory neuron; cell body in posterior root ganglion of spinal nerves or sensory ganglia of cranial nerve; projects to secondary neuron

Question 13

secondary neuron

Answer 13

interneuron; cell body in posterior horn of spinal cord or brainstem nucleus; projects to tertiary neuron

Question 14

tertiary neuron

Answer 14

interneuron; cell body in thalamus; projects to cerebral cortex

Question 15

motor pathways

Answer 15

are descending pathways that control the activities of skeletal muscle
2 motor neurons in the somatic motor pathway

Question 16

upper motor neuron

Answer 16

cell body housed either in cerebral cortex, cerebral nuclei, or a brainstem nucleus; may excite or inhibit over motor neuron

Question 17

lower motor neuron

Answer 17

-cell body housed in anterior horn of spinal cord
-excites skeletal muscle to contract

Question 18

higher-order functions

Answer 18

-encompass learning
-memory
-reasoning
-consciousness
-these functions occur within the cortex of the cerebrum and involve multiple brain regions
-both conscious and subconscious processing of information are involved

Question 19

age 5 growth

Answer 19

95% complete

Question 20

hemispheric lateralization

Answer 20

Each cerebral hemisphere tends to be specialized for certain tasks, a phenomenon called hemispheric lateralization (cerebral lateralization)

Question 21

categorical hemisphere(left hemisphere)

Answer 21

-Specialized for language, as it contains Wernicke and Broca (motor speech) areas
-Performing sequential and analytical reasoning tasks
-Partitioning information into smaller fragments for analysis

Question 21

representational hemisphere(right hemisphere)

Answer 21

-Involved with visuospatial relationships and analyses
-Seat of imagination, insight, musical and artistic skill; perception of patterns and spatial relationships; and comparison of sensory stimuli

Question 22

wernicke area

Answer 22

is central to recognizing written and spoken language

Question 23

angular gyrus

Answer 23

(posterior to wernicke area) processes the words are read into a form we can speak

Question 24

apraxia of speech

Answer 24

motor impairment

Question 25

Aphasia

Answer 25

difficulty understanding or producing speech

Question 26

cognition

Answer 26

-includes awareness, knowledge, memory, perception, problem-solving, decision making, information processing, and thinking -Association area of the cerebrum

Question 27

sensory memory

Answer 27

-associations based on sensory input from the environment -a copy of what is heard or seen -lasts for seconds

Question 28

short-term memory

Answer 28

-Characterized by limited capacity(about seven items) -Brief duration (from seconds to hours)

Question 29

long-term memory

Answer 29

can be repeated, organized, and consolidated into LTM storage for limitless time

Question 30

end coding of STM and LTM

Answer 30

requires that hippocampus and amygdaloid body

Question 31

consciousness

Answer 31

refers to awarness

Question 32

alertness

Answer 32

highest state of consciousness

Question 33

reticular activating system

Answer 33

is responsible for alerting the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory information