CH 18

Question 1

somatic nervous system

Answer 1

works on processes that are perceived or or consciously controlled

Question 2

autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

a motor system regulating processes at subconscious level to maintainhomeostatsis

Question 3

first neuron in the ANS

Answer 3

-preganglionic neuron
-cell body is in the brain or spinal cord

Question 4

preganglionic axon

Answer 4

extends to second cell within an autonomic ganglion in peripheral nervous system

Question 5

second neuron in the ANS pathway

Answer 5

ganglionic neuron

Question 6

unmyelinated postanglionic

Answer 6

-extends to effector cells
-they can excite or inhibit the effector with either acetylcholine or norepinephrine

Question 7

parasympathetic division

Answer 7

helps conserve energy and replenish nutrient stores (“rest and digest”)

Question 8

sympathetic division

Answer 8

prepares body for emergencies (“fight or flight”)
increases alertness and makes nutrients available for use

Question 9

terminal ganglia

Answer 9

close to target organ

Question 10

intramural ganglia

Answer 10

within the wall of organ

Question 11

4 cranial nerves associated with parasympathetic division

Answer 11

-oculomotor(CNIII)
-Facial(CN VII)
-Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)
-Vagus (CN X)

Question 12

preganglionic neuron housed

Answer 12

-lateral horns
-first thoracic(T1)-second lumbar (L2)

Question 13

sympathetic trunks

Answer 13

located anterior to spinal nerves and immediately lateral to vertebral column

Question 14

sympathetic trunk ganglia

Answer 14

(paravertebral or chain ganglia) house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies
one sympathetic ganglion typically associated with each spinal nerve

Question 15

distribute to structures in the head and neck

Answer 15

postganglionic axons from cell bodies in superior cervical ganglion

Question 16

middle and inferior cervical ganglia

Answer 16

house neurons that extend postganglionic axons to thoracic viscera

Question 17

axons exit sympathetic trunk in 4 possible pathways

Answer 17

-spinal nerve pathway
-Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
-splanchnic nerve pathway
-adrenal medulla pathway

Question 18

Spinal nerve pathway

Answer 18

-preganglionic axon terminates in sympathetic trunk
-postganglionic neuron exits via gray ramus at same level and extends within spinal nerve to effector

Question 19

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

Answer 19

-Preganglionic axon terminates in sympathetic trunk
-Postganglionic neuron extends directly to effector

Question 20

splanchnic nerve pathway

Answer 20

-Pregagnlionic exon passes through sympathetic trunk and terminates in prevertebral
-postganglionic neuron extends to effector

Question 21

adrenal medulla pathway

Answer 21

-preganglionic axons innervate internal region of adrenal gland
-Stimulation of adrenal cells causes release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood

Question 22

acetylcholine (ACh) anf norepinephrine (NE)

Answer 22

-are the main neurotransmitters used in the ANS
-all preganglionic parasympathetic axons release ACh, which has an excitatory effect on the ganglionic cell

Question 23

ACh-releasing cells are

Answer 23

cholinergic neurons

Question 24

cholinergic receptors on

Answer 24

target cell bind ACh

Question 25

cholinergic receptors are

Answer 25

muscarinic or nicotinic

Question 26

ACh released from

Answer 26

-sympathetic axons is excitatory only -Both in the ganglion and at effectors such as sweat glands and blood vessels in skeletal muscle

Question 27

adrenergic neuron

Answer 27

-most postganglionic sympathetic axons release NE on the effector

Question 28

adrenergic receptors

Answer 28

target cell the binds NE

Question 29

dual innervation

Answer 29

receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Question 30

antagonistic

Answer 30

-parasympathetic activity slows heart; sympathetic activity speeds it up -parasympathetic activity increases intestinal motility; sympathetic activity constrict pupil; sympathetic activity dilates it

Question 31

cooperative effects

Answer 31

-in sexual function of penis and associated glands -parasympathetic activity leads to erection -sympathetic activity leads to ejaculation