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CH 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Extends to all body regions

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Consists of vessels to and from lungs

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3
Q

Arteries

A

-Carry blood away from the heart; become progressively smaller as they branch and lead to capillaries

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4
Q

Vein

A

-Return blood to the heart; become progressively larger as they merge and approach heart

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

-The exchange vessels

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6
Q

Anastomosis

A

-Convergence of two or more vessels
*Veins anastomose with each other more than arteries do
*End arteries do not form anastomoses

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7
Q

Companion Vessels

A

-Adjacent arteries and veins

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8
Q

Walls of arteries and veins

A

-3 layers (tunics) surrounding the lumen
*Tunica intima
*Tunic media
*Tunica externa

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9
Q

Tunica intima

A

Composed of endothelium (simple squamous lining) and sub endothelial layer of areola connective tissue

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10
Q

Tunic media

A

-Composed of smooth muscle
*sympathetic activity causes vasoconstriction; when muscle in walls relaxes, vasodilation occurs

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11
Q

Tunica externa

A

-outer connective tissue that helps anchor blood vessel to surroundings
-large (thick) blood vessels require vasa vasorum-their own network of blood small vessels on their outer layer

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12
Q

Capillary walls

A

-Contain only tunica intima

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13
Q

Arterie types

A

-Elastic arteries
-Muscular arteries
-Arterioles

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14
Q

Elastic arteries

A

-Largest arteries
-Most examples are near heart
-These arteries branch into muscular arteries

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15
Q

Elastic arteries example and fibers

A

-Example: Aorta, pulmonary, and brachiocephalic arteries
-Elastic fibers allow stretch when heart pumps blood to them

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16
Q

Muscular arteries

A

-Are medium sized arteries
-Muscular arteries have a proportionately thicker tunica media with multiple layer of smooth muscle cells
-Most named arteries are muscular
-Muscular arteries branch into arterioles

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17
Q

arterioles

A

smallest arteries

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18
Q

how does tunic very in arterioles

A

Thickness of walls vary between larger and smaller arterioles

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19
Q

What is the tunica media in arterioles?

A

have less than six cell layers of smooth muscle

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20
Q

what can sympathetic innervation cause in arterioles?

A

muscle fibers of tunica media causes vasoconstriction
*elevates blood pressure upstream and decreases local blood flow downstream

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21
Q

Capillaries

A

-are the smallest blood vessels
-diameter only slightly larger than erythrocyte

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22
Q

functional unit of the cardiovascular system is?

A

metabolic exchange between blood and tissues

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23
Q

group of capillaries

A

capillary bed

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24
Q

Capillary bed

A

-Each bed is fed by a metarteriole

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25
true capillaries
-branch from the metarteriole to form the bulk of the capillary bed -precapillary -vasomotion
26
precapillary
-origin of tru capillary -sphincter of smooth muscle around it that controls blood flow
27
Vasomotion
-process of sphincters go through cyclical periods of contracting and relaxing (5to 10 cycles per minute)
28
distal capillaries
-centrally, metarteriole continues distally to thoroughfare channel which then connects to post capillary venule
29
veins
-drains capillaries and returns blood to the heart -pressure in veins is much lower than in arteries -at rest, veins hold about 60% of the body's blood -Veins function as blood reservoirs
30
venules
-the smallest veins -companion vessels with arterioles -merge to form veins
31
smallest venule
-postcapillary venule -Diapedesis (leukocytes migrating from bloodstream to interstitial fluid) occurs through walls of post capillary venules
32
smaller and medium- sized veins
-travel with muscular arteries
33
Large veins
-travel with elastic arteries
34
BP in veins
-low, so most contain valves to prevent pooling -valves formed from tunica intima
35
skeletal muscle pump
-muscles bulge as they contract and push on veins, thereby helping move blood toward the heart
36
Respiratory pump
-involves changes in intrathoracic and intro-abdominal pressure
37
Blood pressure
-The force per unit area that blood places on the inside of a blood vessel -measured with a sphygmomanometer
38
systolic blood pressure
-pressure during ventricular concentration
39
Diastolic blood pressure
-Pressure during ventricular relaxation -Pressure is pulsatile until reaches capillaries -pressure decreases from aorta to venae cavae
40
ascending aorta
-oxygenated blood is pumped out of left ventricle into ascending aorta, from which 2 branches emerge -left coronary artery -right coronary artery
41
aortic branch
-Brachiocephalic trunk, which bifurcates into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries -Left common carotid artery -Left subclavian artery
42
depending thoracic aorta
-follows aortic arch and several arteries emerge to thoracic wall
43
descending abdominal aorta
-change name after passing through the diaphragm -4th lumbar vertebra, the sorta bifurcates into left and right common iliac arteries -Common iliac arteries further divide into internal and external iliac arteries
44
superior vena cava
-is formed from a fusion of the right and left brachiocephalic veins and drains into the right atrium
45
inferior vena cava
returns blood to the right atrium from lower limbs, pelvis and perineum, and abdominal structures
46
blood to head and neck
-left and right common carotid arteries supply most to head and neck -at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, they divide into external and internal carotid arteries
47
external carotid artery branches
-superior thyroid artery -ascending pharyngeal artery -lingual artery -facial artery -occipital artery -posterior auricular artery -then divides into maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery
48
venous blood return from head and neck
-internal jugular vein or the external jugular vein -these two veins drain into the subclavian vein and then into the brachiocephalic vein
49
blood into cranium
-Internal carotid arteries enter cranium through carotid canal -they divide into anterior and middle cerebral arteries, which supply brain, and opthalmic arteries, which supply the eyes
50
vertebral arteries
-branch from subclavian arteries and enter cranium through the foramen magnum where they merge to form the basilar artery
51
basilar artery and internal carotid arteries
-provide blood to vessels that create an anastomosis called the cerebral arterial circle -vessels in the circle include anterior cerebral arteries, anterior communicating artery, posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating artery
52
veins in the cranium
-Most cranial venous blood drains through dural venous sinuses -these large veins are formed between the 2 layers of dura mater -there are no valves in the dural venous sinus system so blood can flow in more than one direction
53
dural sinus system
-superior sagittal sinus -inferior sagittal sinus -straight sinus -confluence of sinuses -left and right transverse sinuses -left and right sigmoid sinuses
54
subclavian arteries
-supply blood to upper limbs -as the subclavian artery passes over lateral border of first rib, its name changes to the axillary artery
55
axillary artery
-supply the shoulder and thoracic region -as the axillary artery passes the inferior border of the trees major muscle, it's name changes to the brachial artery
56
brachial artery
-in the cubital fossa, the brachial artery bifurcates into the ulnar and radial arteries
57
ulnar and radial arteries
-these arteries of the forearm anastomose and form the superficial and deep palmar arches in the palm of the hand -Digital arteries emerge from the arches to supply the fingers
58
dorsal venous network
-on the dorsum of the hand -drains into the basilic and cephalic veins
59
Basilic and cephalic veins
-In the cubital fossa, these 2 veins are connected by the median cubital vein- a common site for venipuncture
60
veins in hand
-the digital veins and superficial and deep palmar venous arches drain into pairs on radial and ulnar veins in the forearm
61
axillary vein formed
-brachial vein merges with the basilic vein -the axillary vein changes it;s name to the subclavian vein as it crosses superior to the lateral border of the first rib
62
iliac arteries
-the right and left external iliac arteries supply blood to the lower limb
63
external iliac
-passes inferior to inguinal ligament, it's name changes to femoral artery, which provides a branch called the deep femoral artery
64
deep femoral artery
-supplies the hip joint via medial and lateral circumflex arteries
65
femoral artery
-enters the posterior popliteal fossa, where it's name changes to the popliteal artery
66
Popliteal artery
-supplies the knee joint and muscles in that region -divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries, which supply the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg, respectively
67
posterior tibial artery
-provides a branch called the fibular artery, which supplies the lateral compartment of the leg -divides into the medial and lateral plantar arteries in the foot
68
anterior tibial artery
-becomes the dorsals pedis artery at the anterior surface of the ankle -this artery and a branch of the lateral plantar artery unite to form the plantar arch
69
digital arteries
-extend from the arch to supply the digits
70
top of foot veins
-dorsal venous arch drains into the goat saphenous vein medially and the small saphenous vein laterally -great saphenous drains into femoral vein -small saphenous drains into the popliteal vein
71
deep veins of foot and digital veins
-drain into pairs of medial and lateral plantar veins -these veins drain into a pair of posterior tibial veins
72
Dorsum foot and ankle veins
-Drain into a pair of anterior tibial veins
73
anterior and posterior tibial veins
merge together to form the popliteal vein
74
popliteal vein
-curves onto the anterior thigh compartment and becomes the femoral vein
75
femoral vein
-passes superior to the inguinal ligament, it becomes the external iliac vein
76
external iliac vein
-fuses with the internal iliac vein, the new vein is called the common iliac vein
77
left and right iliac vein
-merge to form the inferior vena cava
78
pulmonary circulation
-carries deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs and returns newly oxygenated blood to left side of heart -opposite the systemic circulation
79
Deoxygenated blood exits
-the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk, which bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries that go to the lungs
80
pulmonary arteries
-branch into arterioles and then capillaries and finally return to the left atrium as pulmonary veins

Anatomy (11 decks)

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