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Anatomy > CH 25 Respiratory system > Flashcards

CH 25 Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

conducting portion

A

where only air transport occurs

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2
Q

respiratory portion

A

where gas exchange occurs

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3
Q

breathing

A

pulmonary ventilation

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4
Q

breathing cycle

A

inhalation (Inspiration)
Exhalation (expiration)

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5
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between atmosphere and blood

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6
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and body’s cells

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7
Q

gas conditioning

A

inhaled gases are conditioned-warmed, humidified, and cleaned

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8
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

-nose and nasal cavities
-paranasal sinuses
-pharynx
-larynx

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9
Q

nose

A

main conducting airway for inhaled air

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10
Q

nasal bones (paired)

A

-supports anterionferiorly from the bridge by the fleshy, cartilaginous dorsum nasi (which contains lateral and alar cartilage)

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11
Q

nasal cavity

A

begins as the internal component of the nose and ends as openings to the nasopharynx known as choanae

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12
Q

vestibule

A

-anterior region of nasal cavity
-nearby hairs called vibrissae

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13
Q

tissue of nose

A

-mostly lined with pseudo stratified
-superior part of the nasal cavity contains olfactory epithelium with olfactory receptor cells

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14
Q

nasal septum

A

-divided nasal cavity into right and left portions
-has bony and cartilaginous parts

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15
Q

superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae

A

-form lateral wall for nasal cavity
-condition the air within the nasal cavity
-each concha has a nasal meatus (air passage) underneath it

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16
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

-frontal
-ethmoidal
-sphenoidal
-maxillary

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17
Q

pharynx

A

-commonly known as the throat, is shared by the repertory and digestive tracts
3 regions:
-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx
-lined with mucosa
-has skeletal muscle for control of swallowing

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18
Q

nasopharynx

A

-posterior to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate
-normally only air passes through this part of the pharynx

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19
Q

nasopharynx tissue

A

-lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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20
Q

auditory tubes

A

-found in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx

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21
Q

pharyngeal tonsil

A

-housed in the posterior nasopharynx
-Also known as adenoids

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22
Q

oropharynx

A

-bound superiorly by soft palate and inferiorly by hyoid bone

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23
Q

oropharynx tissue

A

-lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-resists abrasion from food

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24
Q

fauces

A

-opening of oral cavity into oropharynx

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25
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
-two pairs of muscular arches are on lateral walls of the fauces
26
palatine tonsils
-embedded in lateral walls between the arches
27
lingual tonsils
-are at the base of the tongue
28
laryngopharynx
-starts inferior to hyoid bone and extends to top of esophagus
29
laryngopharynx tissue
-lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium -resists abrasion from food
30
larynx
-commonly called the voice box -connects pharynx to trachea
31
larynx function
-serves as a passageway for air -prevents ingested materials from entering the trachea and bronchi -produces sound for speech -assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity *valsalva maneuver -participates in both a sneeze and cough reflex
32
laryngeal inlet
-connects the pharynx and larynx -the larynx is supported by a framework of nine cartilage held in place by ligaments and muscle -thyroid cartilage
33
thyroid cartilage
-has anterior and lateral wall, but no posterior wall -Laryngeal prominence
34
laryngeal prominence
-(adam's apple) -V-shaped anterior projection -usually larger in genetic males than in genetic females due to testosterone-induced growth
35
cricoid cartilage
-ring shaped -inferior to thyroid cartilage
36
epiglottis
-spoon-shaped cartilage projection superiorly into pharynx *swallowing causes the epiglottis to close the opening to the larynx
37
small paired cartilage for sound
-arytenoid cartilage -corniculate cartilage -cuneiform cartilage
38
extrinsic ligaments
attach laryngeal cartilages to surrounding structures
39
intrinsic ligaments
located within larynx; include vocal ligaments and vestibular ligaments
40
vocal folds
-Found in the larynx and are comprised of VOCAL LIGMENTS covered by a mucous membrane
41
rima glottides
-the opening between the vocal folds
42
glottis
-consists of vocal folds and rims glottides
43
vestibular folds
-contain vestibular ligaments and enclose an opening called the rims vestibular ligaments and enclose an opening called the rima vestibuli
44
vestibular folds location
-superior to vocal folds to protect them; also called false vocal cords because no role in sound production
45
extrinsic muscle
-stabilize larynx and move it during swallowing
46
intrinsic muscle
-attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages and aid in sound production
47
production of sound
-when air is forced through the rims glottides, it causes vibration of vocal folds
48
vocal range
-determined by length and thickness of vocal folds
49
pitch
-determined by tension and vocal folds
50
loudness
-depends on face of air passing across vocal folds
51
lower respritory tract
-contains conducting portions and respiratory portions
52
conducting portions
-no gas exchange -trachea -bronchi -bronchioles -terminal bronchioles
53
respiration occurs in
-bronchioles -alveolar ducts -alveoli
54
trachea
-commonly referred to as the "windpipe" -anterior to esophagus, inferior to larynx, and superior to main bronchi
55
trachea supported by
-supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages connected by annular ligaments
56
trachealis muscle
-posterior, the ends of the tracheal cartilages are connected by the trachealis muscle
57
trachea tissue
-mucosa is. lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucin-secreting goblet cells
58
main bronchi
-at level of sternal angle, trachea splits into main bronchi
59
carina
internal projection at bifurcation point
60
bronchial tree
-highly branched system of air passage that progressively branch into narrower tubes throughout longs
61
3 splits in tree branch
-first main bronchi (primary bronchi) -Second lobar bronchi (Secondary bronchi -Third segmental bronchi
62
Bronchi characteristics
-with further branching, incomplete rings of cartilage become smaller and less numerous -large bronchi lined with pseudostratified epithelium, whereas small bronchi lined with columnar epithelium -a ring of smooth muscle sits between mucosa and cartilaginous supports of bronchial wall
63
bronchioles
-bronchi branch into smaller tubes that eventually are less than 1 mm in diameter-then called bronchioles
64
Bronchiole walls
-contain cartilage but have a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle *Contraction and relaxation of their smooth muscle results on bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, respectively
65
Terminal bronchioles
Final segment of conduction pathway consists of terminal bronchioles -branch into respiratory bronchioles, first part of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system
66
respiratory bronchioles branch
-bracnh into alveolar ducts
67
alveolar ducts end
-end with dilated alveolar sacs
68
alveoli
-all respiratory portion structures contain small, saccular outpockhttings called alveoli
69
alveoli characteristics
-thin wall of alveoli is where gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) diffuse between the blood and the air in the lungs -small openings in walls between adjacent alveoli (alveolar pores) allow ofr collateral ventilation -blood capillaries surround each alveoulus
70
alveolar type cells
-abundant simple squamous epithelial cells promote rapid diffusion of gases
71
alveolar type 2 cells
-almost cuboidal in shape and produce pulmonary surfactant, which decreases surface tension within alveolus and prevents i't collapse
72
alveolar macrophages
-(dust cells) -may be fixed or free and engulf microorganisms and particulates in alveolus
73
respiratory membrane
-the thin wall between alveolar lumen and the blood across which gases diffuse
74
respiratory membrane consists of
-plasma membrane type 1 alveolar cells -plasma membrane capillary cell -fused basement membrane of both cells
75
pleura
lines the outside of lung and inside of thoracic wall
76
serous membrane
-formed by simple squamous epithelium
77
visceral/parietal pleura
-visceral pleura tightly adheres to the outside of the lung -parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity itself
78
pleural cavity
-Visceral and parietal pleura are continuous with each other; space between them is called the pleural cavity containing lubricating serous fluid
79
lung shape
-conical shape -inferior base testing on diaphragm -pointed superior apex projecting above clavicle
80
costal surface
-lung's costal surface contacts ribs
81
mediastinal surface
-lungs mediastinal surface medially -this surface houses a concave region called the hilum -the root of the lung enters at the hilum *root consists of bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
82
left lung
-slightly smaller than right lung to accommodate heart -cardiac impression -cardiac notch -oblique fissure -lingula
83
cardiac impression/cardiac notch
-in the left lung -medial surface indentation called the cardiac impression and an anterior indentation region called the cardiac notch
84
oblique fissure
-divides the lungs into 2 lobes (superior and inferior lobes)
85
lingual
-superior lobe has a region called the lingual that is homologous to middle lobe of right lobe
86
right lung
-oblique and horizontal fissures *these divide it into superior, middle and inferior lobes
87
Boyle's law
-the volume of gas and the pressure it exerts inversely related -during inhalation, thoracic cavity volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, and air flows into the lungs -during exhalation, the opposite occurs
88
muscles attached to ribs
-scalene -external intercostal -internal intercostal -transverse thoracic -serratus posterior superior -serratus posterior inferior
89
muscle for forced inhalation
-sternocleidomastoid -scalene -serratus posterior superior -pectoralis minor -erector spinae
90
muscle of forced exhalation
-transversus thoracis -serratus posterior inferior -internal intercostal -external oblique -transverse abdominis
91
muscles of quiet breathing
-diaphragm -external intercostal

Anatomy (11 decks)

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