CH 21

Question 1

whole blood

Answer 1

-Can be separated using a centrifuge to reveal 3 components:
*Erythrocytes
*Buffy coat
*Plasma
-collectively: formed elements

Question 2

Erythrocytes

Answer 2

-Red blood cell; make up about 44% of a blood sample
-Transport respiratory gases
*These are more than 99% of formed elements

Question 3

Buffy coat

Answer 3

-Middle layer containing leukocytes (white blood cells) and
elets; forms about 1% of a blood sample

Question 4

Plasma

Answer 4

-Straw-colored liquid; Makes up about 55% of blood

Question 5

blood functions

Answer 5

-Transportation
-Regulation
-protection

Question 6

blood liquid Vs solid

Answer 6

solid:45%
liquid:55%

Question 7

plasma (liquid)

Answer 7

water: 92% weight

Question 8

Transportation (blood)

Answer 8

-Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, wastes

Question 9

Regulation (blood)

Answer 9

-Blood helps maintain temp, pH, fluid levels in cardiovascular system
*pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a fluid is
*Acidic: pH is between 0-7; alkaline: pH between 7 and 14
*pH balance include acidosis and alkalosis

Question 10

Protection (Blood)

Answer 10

-Leukocytes guard against infection by triggering immune response to antigens (substances perceived as foreign); blood carries antibodies

Question 11

Plasma

Answer 11

-a mix of water, protein, and other solutes

Question 12

Serum

Answer 12

-plasma without clotting proteins

Question 13

Plasma ratio

Answer 13

-Water is 92%
-Protein make up 7%

Question 14

Protein types (plasma)

Answer 14

-Albumins
-Globulins
-Fibrinogen
-Regulatory proteins

Question 15

albumins

Answer 15

-Smallest and most abundant
-Regulate water movement between blood and interstitial fluid
-transport of ions, hormones, lipids

Question 16

Globulins

Answer 16

-Alpha and Beta globulins primarily for transport of substance
-Gamma-blubulins are antibodies used in immune defense

Question 17

Fibrinogen

Answer 17

-Responsible for clot formation
-Converted to fibrin during clotting process

Question 18

Regulatory proteins

Answer 18

-Enzymes and proenzymes

Question 19

other plasma solutes

Answer 19

-electrolytes (sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Other)
-Nutrients
-Respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
-Hormones
-waste products

Question 20

Leukocytes

Answer 20

-help mount an immune response against pathogens
*less than 0.01% of formed elements

Question 21

Formed elements

Answer 21

-all components for blood
-Viewed with blood smear

Question 22

Platelets

Answer 22

-Help form blood clotting
*less than 1% of formed elements

Question 23

Hematocrite

Answer 23

-Percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood
-Clinically it is percentage volume of erythrocytes only, but in practice, true hematocrit and clinical hematocrit are virtually the same
-Hematocrit varies with age (children more variable) and sex (high levels of testosterone result in higher hematocrit)

Question 24

erythrocytes commonly called

Answer 24

-Red blood cells or RBC
*But not true cells because they lack nucleus and organelles
-7.5 micrometers (MM) in diameter
-Biconcave disc shape
-Number in the blood ranges between 4.2 and 6.2 million per cubic millimeter (or microliter) of blood

Question 25

Hemoglobin

Answer 25

-Every erythrocyte contains about 280 million molecules of hemoglobin -Hemoglobin transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 26

Oxygenated

Answer 26

-When maximally loaded with oxygen

Question 27

Deoxygenated

Answer 27

-When some oxygen is lost and carbon dioxide gained

Question 28

Globin

Answer 28

-each hemoglobin consists of 4 globin polypeptides *2 alpha a chains *2 beta b chains

Question 29

Heme group

Answer 29

-Each of the 4 globins possesses a heme group containing an iron -Ion for oxygen binding -Each hemoglobin can bind a total of four oxygen molecules

Question 30

Erythrocyte life span

Answer 30

-Short life of about 120 days

Question 31

Old erythrocytes

Answer 31

-Are phagocytized in liver and spleen by cells called macrophages

Question 32

Erythrocyte life cycle

Answer 32

-Heme group is converted into biliverdin which is then converted to bilirubin -Becomes part of bile for digestive system function -Iron is transported by transferrin to liver and stored by ferritin -Erythrocyte proteins are broken down into free amino acids

Question 33

leukocytes part 2

Answer 33

-True cells with nucleus and organelles -Leukocytes are 1.5 to 3 times larger then RBC -Help initiate immune response and defend the body against pathogens

Question 34

Pathological conditions of leukocytes

Answer 34

-leukopenia:Reduced number of cells -Leukocytosis: Elevated number of cells

Question 35

Leukocyte flexibility and motility

Answer 35

-Help them get to pathogens -Diapedesis: Process of squeezing through vessel wall to exit bloodstream and get to tissue -Chemotaxis: Process of moving toward chemicals that are found at sites of infection

Question 36

leukocytes 2 classes

Answer 36

-5 types of leukocytes in 2 classes based on presence or absence of granular organelles -Granulocytes: Including neutrophils, eosinophilis, basophils -Agranulocytes: include lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 37

Neutrophil leukocytes

Answer 37

Granulocyte

Question 38

Eosinophil leukocytes

Answer 38

Granulocyte

Question 39

Basophil leukocytes

Answer 39

Granulocyte

Question 40

Monocytes leukocytes

Answer 40

Agranulocytes

Question 41

Lymphocytes leukocyte

Answer 41

Agranulocytes

Question 42

Platelets 2

Answer 42

-small, irregular, membrane-enclosed cell fragment *Do not have a nucleus -Produced in red marrow from cells called megakaryocytes -Involved in blood clotting -Thrombocytopenia: an abnormally small number of platelets

Question 43

Blood clot

Answer 43

-Platelets -Fibrin -Erythrocytes