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CH 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

urinary system

A

composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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2
Q

kidneys function

A

-filter waste from the blood and convert the filtrate into urine

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3
Q

urinary tract

A

-ureters
-urinary bladder
-urethra
-which collectively transport urine out of the body

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4
Q

function of urinary system

A

-storage of urine
-expulsion of urine
-regulation of urine volume
-regulation of erythrocyte production
-regulation of ion levels
-regulation of acid-base balance

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5
Q

regulation of blood volume

A

under the direction of certain hormones

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6
Q

regulation of erythrocyte production

A

by the release of erythropoietin (EPO)

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7
Q

regulation of ion levels

A

such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate

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8
Q

regulation of acid-base balance

A

by altering levels of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

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9
Q

kidneys

A

-are retroperitoneal
-superior pole of the left kidney is at level T12
-superior pole of right kidney is about 2cm lower for the liver
-superior poles have adrenal glands resting on them

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10
Q

inferior poles

A

-at about level L3 vertebra

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11
Q

kidney hilum

A

-a concave medial border where, vessels, nerves, and the ureter connect
*the hilum is continuous with a internal space called the renal sinus

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12
Q

kidney divided

A

-outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla

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13
Q

renal columns

A

-extensions of renal cortex that project into medulla and subdivided it into renal pyramids
*typical kidney contains 8-15 renal pyramids

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14
Q

pyramid base

A

-wide base of the renal pyramid makes contact with the cortex at the corticomedullary junction

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15
Q

the apex of renal pyramid

A

-called renal papilla

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16
Q

renal papilla

A

-projects into a hollow funnel-shaped structure called the minor calyx
-minor calyces form major calyx
-major calyx form renal pelvis

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17
Q

renal pelvis

A

-collect urine and transport it into the ureter

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18
Q

renal lobes

A

-kidney has 8-15 renal lobes
*each lobe consists of a renal pyramid and cortical tissue immediately surrounding th pyramid

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19
Q

renal arteries

A

-blood enters the kidneys through
-in renal sinus; renal arteries branch into segmental arteries

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20
Q

segmental arteries branch

A

-interlobar arteiras
*travel in renal columns

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21
Q

interlober arteries

A

-at corticomedullary junction it branches into arcute arteries

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22
Q

arcute arteries

A

-branch into interlobular arteries
*these radiate out to cortex

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23
Q

interlobular arteries

A

-enter the kidneys at cortex, they extend small branches called afferent arterioles

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24
Q

afferent arterioles

A

-enter a renal corpuscle and from a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus
*some plasma is filtered out of the capillaries into the capsular space within the renal corpuscle

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25
glomerulus
-the remaining blood exits the glomerulus and the renal corpuscle via the efferent arteriole
26
efferent arterioles
-branch into one of 2 capillary networks -peritubular capillaries -vasa recta
27
peritubular capillaries
-surround the convoluted tubules and reside primarily in the cortex
28
vasa recta
-associated mainly with the nephron loop and primarily reside in the medulla
29
peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
-drain into a network of veins -the smallest are interlobular vein
30
interlobular vein
-merge to form arcute vein
31
arcute vein
-merge to form the interlobar veins
32
interlobar veins
-merge in the renal sinus to form the renal vein in each kidney
33
nephron
-functional filtration unit of the kidney -each nephron consists of a real corpuscle and a renal tubule
34
renal tubule
-consists of a proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), a nephron loop, and a distal convoluted tubule (DCT), a collecting tubule, a collecting duct, and a papillary duct
35
shared by multiple nephrons
-collecting tubules -collecting ducts -papillary ducts
36
how many nephrons in a kidney
2.5million 2 types of nephrons -cortical -juxtamedullary
37
cortical nephron
-the bulk of the nephron resides in the kidney cortex; account for about 85% of all nephrons
38
juxtamedullary nephrons
-Their renal corpuscle lies near corticomedullary junction, and their long nephron loop extends deep into the medulla; account for 15% of all nephrons
39
nephrons form urine through 3 processes
-filtration -tubular reabsorption -tubular secretion
40
filtration
-water and some dissolved solutes move out of glomerulus and into capsular space of renal corpuscle due to pressure
41
filtrate
-once fluid leaves plasma and enters capsular space
42
tubular reabsorption
-substances in filtrate return to the blood *most water and all need solutes in filtrate are reabsorbed
43
tubular secretion
solutes are actively transported out of blood and into tubular fluid
44
renal corpuscle
-bulbous part of nephron, composed of: -glomerulus -glomerular capsule
45
glomerulus is a
-thick tangle of capillaries
46
glomerular capsule
-epithelial capsule surrounding the glomerulus; made of 2 layers separated by capsular space -visceral layer -parietal layer
47
visceral layer of capsule
-(contacting glomerulus) made of podocytes
48
parietal layer
-made of simple squamous epithelium
49
corpuscles vascular pole
-afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole exits
50
corpuscle's tubular pole
-proximal convoluted tubule exits
51
filtration membrane
-is a thin structure with 3 layers
52
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
-begins at the tubular pole of renal corpuscle -cells reabsorbed nutrients leaked through the filtration membrane
53
reabsorbed nutrients
-and water enter peritubular capillaries and are returned to the general circulation
54
nephron loop
-loop of henle -projects into the medulla and contains 2 parts
55
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
-sits in renal cortex and contacts the afferent arteriole wall at the vascular pole -it's lined with simple cuboidal epithelium (but microvilli are sparse and short)
56
(DCT) secretes
-from peritubular capillaries into tubular fluid
57
(DCT) responds
-to ADH and aldosterone by altering reabsorption *ADH causes increased water reabsorption *aldosterone causes increased sodium reabsorption
58
distal convoluted tubules
-lead to collecting tubules that empty into collecting ducts *collecting ducts course through medulla toward renal papilla *they are lined by simple cuboidal then simple columnar epithelia
59
collecting ducts
-modify tubular fluid under the influence of aldosterone and ADH *Higher levels of these hormones leads to retention of
60
tubular fluid leaves
-collecting duct and enters papillary duct, it is called urine
61
ureters
-is a fibromuscular tube that conduct urine from kidney to urinary bladder -originates at renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney -enters base of urinary bladder at it's posterolateral wall
62
3 layers of ureter wall
-mucosa -muscularis -adventitia
63
mucosa
-with transitional epithelium and lamina proper (dense irregular CT)
64
muscularis
-containing inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer of smooth muscle
65
adventitia
-areolar connective tissue
66
urinary bladder
-expandable, muscular container that stores urine -located immediately posterior to pubic symphysis -only it's superior surface is covered with peritoneum
67
female bladder
-lies anteroinferior to the uterus and directly anterior to the vagina
68
male bladder
-lieas anterior to the rectum and superior to the prostate gland
69
empty bladder
-has upside down pyramidal shape *Neck of bladder is located inferiorly and connects to urethra
70
trigone
-posteroinferior triangular area of the urinary bladder *it is defined by the 2 ureteral openings and the urethral opening
71
urethra
-fibromuscular tube originating at the urinary bladder that conducts urine to the exterior of the body *lined with mucin-producing cells in mucosa *2 sphincters help control release of urine
72
internal urethral sphincter
-at neck of bladder involuntary (controlled by autonomic nervous system)
73
external urethral sphincter
-Inferior to internal sphincter; voluntary (controlled by somatic nervous system)
74
female urethra
-transports only urine -stratified squamous epithelium
75
male urethra
-has urinary and reproductive functions -transports both urine and semen, but not simultaneously -3 segments *prostatic *membranous *spongy
76
prostatic urethra
-through prostate gland; transitional epithelium lining
77
membranous urethra
-short segment through urogenital diaphragm; stratified columnar or pseudo stratified epithelial lining
78
spongy urethra
-long segment through erectile tissue of penis; lined by pseudo stratified epithelium proximally and stratified squamous distally
79
opening of urethra
external urethral orifice
80
micturition (urination)
-is the expulsion of urine from the bladder *micturition reflex
81
extension of bladder
-excites it's stretch receptors which signal spinal cord's reflex center
82
parasympathetic signals
-are sent to internal urethral sphincter (to relax it) and detrusor muscle (to excite it)
83
voluntary relaxation
-external urethral sphincter required
84
abdominal muscle contraction
-also helps empty bladder

Anatomy (11 decks)

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