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AP Psychology > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

The tendency upon hearing about research findings to think that they know the answer all along

A

Hindsight Bias

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2
Q

Conducted for the purposes of applying the information to the real-world; clear practical applications

A

Applied Research

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3
Q

Not applied to the real world, but it help psychologists better understand the world around us

A

Basic Research

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4
Q

expresses the relationship between two variables

A

Hypyhesis

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5
Q

The variable that is changed to gauge results

A

Independent variable

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6
Q

The variable being measured

A

Dependent variabel

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7
Q

Aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypothesis to support it

A

Theory

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8
Q

Define how you will measure a variable in an experiment

A

Operational definition

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9
Q

When research what the researcher set out to measure accurately

A

Validity

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10
Q

When research is easily replicated an shows consistent results

A

Reliability

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11
Q

The process by which participants are selected

A

Sampling

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12
Q

The group of participants

A

Sample

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13
Q

Anyone or anything that could possibly be selected in the sample

A

Population

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14
Q

The sample accurately reflects the population

A

Representative sample

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15
Q

Every ember of the population has an equal chance of being selected/generalized/represent

A

Random Sampling

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16
Q

Conducted in a lab w/ a highly controlled environment or out in the world/more realistic

A

Experiment– laboratory and field

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17
Q

Any difference between the experimental control conditions that might affect the dependent variable

A

Confounding variables

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18
Q

The process by which each participant has an equal change of being placed into any group

A

Random sampling

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19
Q

The group in which nothing is happening to them and are used for comparison- participants relevant variables

A

Group matching

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20
Q

The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental/control groups differently to support their hypothesis

A

Experimenter bias

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21
Q

When neither the participants or researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research. Neither the participants nor researcher know which group participants are in.

22
Q

When only the participants do not know which group they have been assigned

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A

Single-blind procedure

23
Q

The tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways

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A

Response/participant bias

24
Q

The tendency to try to give answers that will reflect well upon them

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A

Social desirability

25
Merely selecting a group of people on whom to experiment to affect the performance of that group, regardless of what is done to those individuals
Hawthorne effect
26
Whenever participants in the experimental group are given a fake drug in order to separate psychological effects
Placebo method
27
The presence of one thing that predicts the presence of another; the presence of one thing that predicts the absence of another
Correlations- positive and negative
28
Involves people to fill out surveys
Survey methods
29
How many/how likely people are to take the survey
Response rate
30
The observation of participants in their natural environment without interacting with them at all
Naturalistic observation
31
A method of research used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant/small group
Case study method
32
Describes a set of data
Descriptive statistics
33
A graph/dataset to show the frequency of occurrence of each possible outcome of respectable events
Frequency distribution
34
The average, the central score in the distribution, score that appears most frequently
Mean, Median, Mode
35
Data points that skew/distort the accuracy of a distribution
Outliers
36
Positive is when particularly high data point skews distribution to the right; negative is when a low score skews graph to the left
Postive v. negative skew
37
The distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution; square root of the variance; average distance of any score in the distortion from the mean --> The higher the score of variance, the more spread out the distribution
Range, standard deviation, variance: Measures of variability
38
The conversion score from different distributions into measures --> measures the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation
Z-score
39
Theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two score has been predetermined
Normal curve
40
The strength of a correlation computed by a statistic (0=no relationship)
Correlation coeffient
41
Graph pairs of values on the x-axis and y-axis
Scatterplot
42
The line drawn through a scatterplot that minimizes the distance of all points from the line
Line Best Fit
43
Determines whether of not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected
Inferential statistics
44
The extent to which a sample differs from the population
Sampling error
45
The probability that the difference between the groups is due to chance
P-value
46
Language utilized to confirm that results are not from change and are likely to occur
Statistical significance
47
The ethics board that reviews research proposals for ethical violations and/or procedural errors
Institutional Review Board
48
The practice of persuading some to do something by using force or threats
Coercion
49
The principle to five a participant sufficient info/understanding before agreeing to be in an experiment
Informed consent
50
When researchers do no collect any data that enables them to match a person's response with his/her name
Anonymity
51
The researcher will not identify the source of any of the data
Confidentiality
52
When participants are fold there purpose of the study/provided with wats to contact the researcher about results directly after the study
Debriefing

AP Psychology (12 decks)

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