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AP Psychology > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The tendency upon hearing about research findings to think that they know the answer all along

A

Hindsight Bias

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2
Q

Conducted for the purposes of applying the information to the real-world; clear practical applications

A

Applied Research

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3
Q

Not applied to the real world, but it help psychologists better understand the world around us

A

Basic Research

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4
Q

expresses the relationship between two variables

A

Hypyhesis

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5
Q

The variable that is changed to gauge results

A

Independent variable

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6
Q

The variable being measured

A

Dependent variabel

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7
Q

Aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypothesis to support it

A

Theory

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8
Q

Define how you will measure a variable in an experiment

A

Operational definition

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9
Q

When research what the researcher set out to measure accurately

A

Validity

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10
Q

When research is easily replicated an shows consistent results

A

Reliability

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11
Q

The process by which participants are selected

A

Sampling

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12
Q

The group of participants

A

Sample

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13
Q

Anyone or anything that could possibly be selected in the sample

A

Population

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14
Q

The sample accurately reflects the population

A

Representative sample

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15
Q

Every ember of the population has an equal chance of being selected/generalized/represent

A

Random Sampling

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16
Q

Conducted in a lab w/ a highly controlled environment or out in the world/more realistic

A

Experiment– laboratory and field

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17
Q

Any difference between the experimental control conditions that might affect the dependent variable

A

Confounding variables

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18
Q

The process by which each participant has an equal change of being placed into any group

A

Random sampling

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19
Q

The group in which nothing is happening to them and are used for comparison- participants relevant variables

A

Group matching

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20
Q

The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental/control groups differently to support their hypothesis

A

Experimenter bias

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21
Q

When neither the participants or researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research. Neither the participants nor researcher know which group participants are in.

A

Double Blind

22
Q

When only the participants do not know which group they have been assigned

A

Single-blind procedure

23
Q

The tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways

A

Response/participant bias

24
Q

The tendency to try to give answers that will reflect well upon them

A

Social desirability

25
Q

Merely selecting a group of people on whom to experiment to affect the performance of that group, regardless of what is done to those individuals

A

Hawthorne effect

26
Q

Whenever participants in the experimental group are given a fake drug in order to separate psychological effects

A

Placebo method

27
Q

The presence of one thing that predicts the presence of another; the presence of one thing that predicts the absence of another

A

Correlations- positive and negative

28
Q

Involves people to fill out surveys

A

Survey methods

29
Q

How many/how likely people are to take the survey

A

Response rate

30
Q

The observation of participants in their natural environment without interacting with them at all

A

Naturalistic observation

31
Q

A method of research used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant/small group

A

Case study method

32
Q

Describes a set of data

A

Descriptive statistics

33
Q

A graph/dataset to show the frequency of occurrence of each possible outcome of respectable events

A

Frequency distribution

34
Q

The average, the central score in the distribution, score that appears most frequently

A

Mean, Median, Mode

35
Q

Data points that skew/distort the accuracy of a distribution

A

Outliers

36
Q

Positive is when particularly high data point skews distribution to the right; negative is when a low score skews graph to the left

A

Postive v. negative skew

37
Q

The distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution; square root of the variance; average distance of any score in the distortion from the mean –> The higher the score of variance, the more spread out the distribution

A

Range, standard deviation, variance: Measures of variability

38
Q

The conversion score from different distributions into measures –> measures the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation

A

Z-score

39
Q

Theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two score has been predetermined

A

Normal curve

40
Q

The strength of a correlation computed by a statistic (0=no relationship)

A

Correlation coeffient

41
Q

Graph pairs of values on the x-axis and y-axis

A

Scatterplot

42
Q

The line drawn through a scatterplot that minimizes the distance of all points from the line

A

Line Best Fit

43
Q

Determines whether of not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected

A

Inferential statistics

44
Q

The extent to which a sample differs from the population

A

Sampling error

45
Q

The probability that the difference between the groups is due to chance

A

P-value

46
Q

Language utilized to confirm that results are not from change and are likely to occur

A

Statistical significance

47
Q

The ethics board that reviews research proposals for ethical violations and/or procedural errors

A

Institutional Review Board

48
Q

The practice of persuading some to do something by using force or threats

A

Coercion

49
Q

The principle to five a participant sufficient info/understanding before agreeing to be in an experiment

A

Informed consent

50
Q

When researchers do no collect any data that enables them to match a person’s response with his/her name

A

Anonymity

51
Q

The researcher will not identify the source of any of the data

A

Confidentiality

52
Q

When participants are fold there purpose of the study/provided with wats to contact the researcher about results directly after the study

A

Debriefing

AP Psychology (12 decks)

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