Wrong on Study Guide

Question 1

An integrated approach to psychology that incorporates three different perspectives and types of analysis: biological, psychological, and social-cultural.

Answer 1

Biopsychosocial Perspective

Question 2

The process of randomly placing already chosen participants in a group for an experiment

Answer 2

Random assignment

Question 3

the typical variance of any given score around the mean

Answer 3

Standard deviation

Question 4

When points are packed closer together, stronger. Farther apart, weaker.
R = +/- 1. Describes the relationships between two things

Answer 4

Correlation on a Scatterplot

Question 5

when the skew is caused by an unusually high score (to the right)

Answer 5

Positive skew

Question 6

when the skew is caused by an unusually low score (to the left)

Answer 6

Negative skew

Question 7

When groups make bad decisions because individual members of the group suppress their reservations in order to further the agenda of the group → not break status quo

Answer 7

Group think

Question 8

The tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the group members would make individually

Answer 8

Group Polarization

Question 9

When individuals within a group do not not put in as much effort when acting as a part of a group as they do when acting alone.

Answer 9

Social Loafing

Question 10

Adjusting one’s behavior of thinking to coincide with a group standard. is a response—specifically, a submission—made in reaction to a request. The request may be explicit (e.g., foot-in-the-door technique) or implicit (e.g., advertising).

Answer 10

Compliance

Question 11

An expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true

Answer 11

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 12

The uncomfortable feeling/guild of doing something against your morals/attitudes

Answer 12

Cognitive Dissonance

Question 13

How we explain the behavior of others → dispositional (personality) or situational (environmental) factors

Answer 13

Attribution

Question 14

overestimating the influence of personality and understanding the influence of situational factors when explaining other people’s behavior

Answer 14

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 15

Behavior through which people benefit others (Eisenberg, 1982), including helping, cooperating, comforting, sharing, and donating

Answer 15

Prosocial behavior

Question 16

Branches on the neuron that receives messages from the other cells

Answer 16

Dendrite

Question 17

make fake neurotransmitters

Answer 17

Agonists

Question 18

Blocks receptor sites from receiving neurotransmitters

Answer 18

Atagonists

Question 19

cause hallucination and warp perception

Answer 19

Hallucinogens

Question 20

depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Answer 20

Opiates

Question 21

an automatic response controlled solely by neural circuits in the spinal cord, often relating to posture or locomotion.

Answer 21

Spinal Reflex

Question 22

System associated with emotion/drive → amygdala

Answer 22

Limbic System

Question 23

the outermost layer of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 23

Cerebral Cortex

Question 24

processing sensory input for touch body position crown of head

Answer 24

Pariental Lobe

Question 25

heart/breathing

Answer 25

Medulla

Question 26

parts of the brain that are not pegged for primary motor or sensory functions

Answer 26

Association areas

Question 27

connects lefts and right hemispheres and allows communication between the two

Answer 27

Corpus Callosum

Question 28

The critical period hypothesis or sensitive period hypothesis claims that there is an ideal time window of brain development to acquire language in a linguistically rich environment, after which further language acquisition becomes much more difficult and effortful

Answer 28

Critical period for speech

Question 29

storytime of dream

Answer 29

Manifest Content

Question 30

the “deeper meaning” of the dream

Answer 30

Latent content

Question 31

we dream so we can file memories away

Answer 31

Information Processing theory

Question 32

Length of soundwave, determines its pitch (high/low)

Answer 32

Frequency

Question 33

It consists of two sticks, one framed by closed fins and one framed by open fins. After seeing the illusion, viewers usually estimate that the stick with two open fins is longer, even though the sticks are actually the same length. Take-away: our brains perceive the depths of the two shafts based upon depth cues

Answer 33

Muller-Lyer Illusion

Question 34

one of the main retinal interneurons and provides the main pathways from photoreceptors to ganglion cells, i.e. the shortest and most direct pathways between the input and output of visual signals in the retina.

Answer 34

Bipolar

Question 35

the final output neurons of the vertebrate retina; collect information about the visual world from bipolar cells and amacrine cells (retinal interneurons). This information is in the form of chemical messages sensed by receptors on the ganglion cell membrane.

Answer 35

Ganglion

Question 36

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Answer 36

Sensory adaptation

Question 37

The minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

Answer 37

Just-noticeable difference (aka difference threshold)

Question 38

The number of foods eaten as a young child has a strong influence on the food repertoire later in childhood. Foods eaten by parents significantly predict the number and types of foods eaten by children; Children learn to accept novel foods through a variety of experiences, provided within social contexts

Answer 38

The relationship between taste and human development*

Question 39

An aspect of personality concerned with emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed and intensity; the term often is used to refer to the prevailing mood or mood pattern of a person.

Answer 39

Temperament

Question 40

A behavioral response decrement that results from repeated stimulation and that does not involve sensory adaptation/sensory fatigue or motor fatigue

Answer 40

Habituation (developmental)

Question 41

In which a baby/child judges if a person is able to accomplish their most basic needs

Answer 41

Trust v. Mistrust EE stage

Question 42

Can I do things myself or must I rely on others?

Answer 42

Autonomy v. Doubt EE stage

Question 43

Many questions, children take initiative in their own curiosity/learning

Answer 43

Initiative v. Guilt EE stage

Question 44

First time in work we are evaluated → start to get a competence/ inferiority to others

Answer 44

Industry v. Inferiority EE stage

Question 45

Teenagers test various roles/social identities, important to find stable send of self

Answer 45

Identity v. Role Confusion EE stage

Question 46

Figure out work/life balance, clearer platonic/romantic relationships

Answer 46

Intimacy v. Isolation EE stage

Question 47

Mid-life crisis, looking critically at life path, seize control

Answer 47

Generativity v. stagnation EE stage

Question 48

Look back at life and decide level of satisfaction with accomplishments

Answer 48

Integrity v. Despair EE stage

Question 49

parents who neglect their children

Answer 49

Permissive Parenting Style

Question 50

The language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking

Answer 50

Linguistic Determinism (aka linguistic relativity)

Question 51

judging a situation based on the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in their minds

Answer 51

Representative heuristic

Question 52

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability and in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events as common

Answer 52

Availability heuristic

Question 53

Unintentional memories that we may not even realize we have

Answer 53

Implicit Memory

Question 54

Experiment that studied how babies or people could acquire fears or phobias through aversive conditioning Take-away: Fears and phobias are learned and based on our environment Everytime the baby would touch a soft animal, a loud scary ‘bang’ would sound, eventually the baby became aversive and fearful of those soft animals

Answer 54

Little Albert Study

Question 55

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best results

Answer 55

Deep processing

Question 56

encoding of the basic level, based on the structure/appearance of words

Answer 56

shallow processing

Question 57

getting information into the memory system

Answer 57

Encoding

Question 58

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Answer 58

Storage

Question 59

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 59

Retrieval

Question 60

a representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline or model.

Answer 60

Schema

Question 61

a set is a group of expectations that shape experience by making people especially sensitive to specific kinds of information

Answer 61

Mental Set

Question 62

predisposition to perceive things in a certain way

Answer 62

Perceptual set

Question 63

Known for findings regarding memory How to measure learning curve, forgetting curve, and spacing effect

Answer 63

Herman E. findings

Question 64

Disorganized speech (Clang association, nepotisms) and Inappropriate reactions

Answer 64

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 65

Schizophrenia has the tendency to have at least 1/10 chance of appearing in family genetics → 1/2 in twins, 1/100 in public Thalamus activity during hallucinations Amygdala hyperactivity during paranoia

Answer 65

Biological causes of Schizophrenia \

Question 66

Based in freudian school of thought and examines unconscious

Answer 66

Psychodynamic

Question 67

the study of the effects of drugs on minds/behaviors

Answer 67

Psychopharmacology