Ch. 9

Question 1

Study of how out behaviors and thoughts change overtime over the course of our entire lives

Answer 1

Developmental psychologists

Question 2

Genetic factors vs. environmental factors and how much in influences us

Answer 2

Nature v. Nurture

Question 3

Uses participants of different age groups to compare certain variables. Quick; however, has confounding variables

Answer 3

Cross-sectional research

Question 4

Examines one group of participants over time or during various intervals of their lives. Has precise measurements; however, long time

Answer 4

Longitudinal research

Question 5

Certain chemicals/agents that can harm if ingested or contracted by mother during pregnancy

Answer 5

Teratogens

Question 6

Children of alcoholic mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy

Answer 6

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 7

Specific, inborn, automatic responses to certain stimuli such as rooting, sucking, grasping, moro, and babinski

Answer 7

Newborn reflexes

Question 8

The reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child. Affects development.

Answer 8

Attachment

Question 9

Psychologist who raised baby monkeys with wire/soft mothers to determine if food or comfort creates attachment. The takeaway was the physical contact fosters attachment

Answer 9

Harry Harlow

Question 10

Psychologist who placed babies in a new environment and challenged the baby to respond to situations such as the parent leaving, a stranger entering, the stranger comforting baby and parent returning.

Answer 10

Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

Question 11

Babies would confidently explore area in new environment or strange situation. Cry upon caregiver leaving and be comforted upon return. Babies raised this way tend to be more emotionally stable in adulthood.

Answer 11

Secure attachments

Question 12

Babies would explore environment in strange situation. Cry upon parents leaving and resist comfort when they return. Babies tend to be less stable when raised this way.

Answer 12

Insecure avoidant attachments

Question 13

Babies would explore environment in strange situation reluctantly. They have extreme stress upon parent’s leave and resist comfort in defiance/anger upon return. Babies raised this way tend to trust less and feel insecure in adulthood.

Answer 13

Insecure anxious attachments

Question 14

Parenting style in which strict standards for children’s behavior are set and punishments are applied for violations of these rules

Answer 14

Authoritarian Parents

Question 15

Parenting style in which no clear guidelines are set and rules/punishments lack consistency

Answer 15

Permissive parents

Question 16

Parenting style in which consistent standards are set for child’s behavior and punishments are applies; however, standards are reasonable and explained

Answer 16

Authoritative Parents

Question 17

Psychoanalytic theory by Neo-Fruedian who believed personality was influenced by our experiences with others

Answer 17

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory

Question 18

Stage 1 of EE. Infants look for trust/stability in their world through those who can satisfy their needs. Results: + confidence/secure, - inability to trust

Answer 18

Trust v. Mistrust

Question 19

Stage 2 of EE. In which children look for control over one’s own body/emotions and to establish independence.
Results: + independent, secure in abilities, - feelings of inadequacy

Answer 19

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt

Question 20

Stage 3 of EE. Children take initiative in their own curiosity and learning; great need to understand.
Results: + comfort expressing curiosity/making decisions, - feel ashamed of questioning

Answer 20

Initiative v. Guilt

Question 21

Stage 4 of EE. Elementary school centered, first time work we produce is evaluated. Start to get competence/inferiority compared to others.
Results: + confident in achievement ability, - doubtful in abilities

Answer 21

Industry v. Inferiority

Question 22

Stage 5 of EE. The exploration of various roles/social identities. Important to find stable sense of self before moving onto next stage.
Results: + more independence and sees oneself as unique/valuable, - confusion/self doubt

Answer 22

Identity v. Role confusion

Question 23

Stage 6 of EE. Establishment of want/needs of stable relationships and finding work/life balance.
Results: + Gains capacity for love/balanced life, - isolation, time is inadequately divided

Answer 23

Intimacy v. Isolation

Question 24

Stage 7 of EE. Examination of life path. May seize control to ensure everything is going as planned.
Results: + concern for family/society in general, - concern only for self/one’s own wellbeing or prosperity

Answer 24

Generativity v. Stagnation

Question 25

Stage 8 of EE. In which we look back on our lives and decide the level of satisfaction with accomplishments. Results: + Can offer wisdom/insight, - despair over lost opportunities

Answer 25

Integrity v. Despair

Question 26

Theory regarding how children through the world though experiences into existing schemata.

Answer 26

Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory

Question 27

Cognitive rules to interpret the world

Answer 27

Schemata

Question 28

Incorporation of our experiences into existing schemata. Ex: Charlie sees four legged creature and confirms that four legged creatures are dogs.

Answer 28

Assimilation

Question 29

When information violates existing schemata and therefore it must change or alter. Ex: Mrs. Groustra points out the four-legged creature is a cat, making Charlie change his schemata to fit the new information

Answer 29

Accomodation

Question 30

Stage 1 of PJ. In which babies experience/explore the world through their sense. Behavior governed by reflects and initial cognitive schemata.

Answer 30

Sensorimotor stage

Question 31

When babies of not realize that objects continue to exist when they are out of sensory range

Answer 31

Object Permanance

Question 32

Stage 2 of PJ. The utilization of symbols to represent real-world objects, beginning of language, limits thoughts regarding relationships between objects and their characteristics.

Answer 32

Pre-operational Stage

Question 33

The inability to look at the world from anyone else's perception but one's own

Answer 33

Egocenteric

Question 34

Stage 3 of PJ. In which logical though about complex relationships between characteristics of objects. Math problems.

Answer 34

Concrete Operations

Question 35

Realization that properties of objects remain the same even when shapes change.

Answer 35

Concepts of conservation

Question 36

Stage 4 of PJ. Adult reasoning/abstract thought. The manipulation of objects without physically seeing them or having real-world correlation

Answer 36

Formal operations

Question 37

The ability to think about the way we think

Answer 37

Metacognition

Question 38

The ability to reason about ethical situation change over the course of our lives. Heinz experiment.

Answer 38

Lawrence Kohlberg's moral developmental theory

Question 39

Making decisions to avoid punishment, limited to how the choice would affect oneself. Typically found in younger audiences. Ex: Heinz should no steal because he would be in jail

Answer 39

Pre-conventional stage

Question 40

Making decisions based on the perceptions or expectations of others. Ex: Heinz should steal the drug because he will be seen as a hero and save his wife

Answer 40

Conventional stage

Question 41

Making decisions by looking at the rights/values of both sides. Moral reasoning. Questions societal standards rather than blindly following them. Ex: Heinz should steal the drug because her life matters more than the CEO's property.

Answer 41

Post-conventional Stage