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AP Psychology > Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the study of the parts/function of a neuron

A

Neuroanatomy

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2
Q

individual nerve cells that make up the entire nervous system. Has a slightly negative charge

A

Neuron

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3
Q

Root-like parts of the cell that stretches out go the cell body, grows to make synaptic connections with other neurons

A

Dendrites

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4
Q

Contains the nucleus/other part of the cell needed to sustain life. AKA soma

A

Cell body

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5
Q

wirelike structure einfing in terminal buttons that extends from the cell body

A

Axon

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6
Q

A fatty covering around the axon of the some neurons that speeds the neuron impulses

A

Myelin Sheath

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7
Q

The branched end of the axon that contain neurotransmitters. AKA End buttons, ___ axon, ____ branches

A

Terminal buttons

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8
Q

Chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate and fir into receipt sites like lock and key

A

Neurotransmitters

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9
Q

The space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and dendrites of the next neuron

A

Synapse

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10
Q

Sites that are capable of recognizing/bonding to specific molecules. Neurotransmitters go here

A

Receptor Sites

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11
Q

When enough neurotransmitters are received in order for the neuron to become permeable, positive, and fire/action potential

A

Threshold

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12
Q

The electric message firing down the axon

A

Action potential

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13
Q

Either the neuron fire completely or not at all

A

All-or-none principle

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14
Q

An electrochemical process where electricity travels between axons/cells in the synapse

A

Neutral firing

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters that excite the next cell into firing

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters that inhibit the next can from firing

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter that helps with motor movement. Lack of this is associated with Alzheimer’s disease

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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18
Q

Neurotransmitter that helps motor movement and alertness. Lack of this is associated with Parkinson’s disease. Overabundance is associated with schizophrenia.

A

Dopamine

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter that helps with pain and pleasure control and is involved with addictions. Exercise!

A

Endorphins

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter that helps with mood control. Lack of this is associated with clinical depression.

A

Serotonin

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21
Q

Neurotransmitter that regulates inhibitory neurotransmitters. Lack of this is associated with seizures and insomnia.

A

GABA

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22
Q

Neurotransmitter that regulates excitatory neurotransmitters and is involved with memory. (***)

A

Glutamate

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter that helps with alertness and arousal

A

Norepinephrine

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24
Q

neurons take the information from the senses to the brain

A

Afferent neurons

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25
Q

neurons take information from the brain to the senses

A

Efferent neurons

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26
Q

Consists of the spinal cord/brain. Master control. Transmits information from the rest of the body to/from the brain

A

Central Nervous System

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27
Q

All the nerves housed within bone. Includes skull/vertebrae

A

Spinal cord

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28
Q

Consists of all the other nerves in your body- nerves not encased in bone.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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29
Q

Apart of the PNS. Controls all voluntary muscle movement

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

30
Q

Apart of the PNS. Control automatic functions of our body. Activates flight/flight mode. Controls organs such as heart, lungs, internal organs, glands, and so on.

A

Automatic Nervous System

31
Q

Part of ANS. Mobilizes our body in response to stress. Carries out messages to control system to organs, glands, and muscles that direct our bodies’ response to stress.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

32
Q

Part of ANS. Carries messages to the stress response system that cause our body to slow down after the stress response. The break pedal to stress.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

33
Q

An unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in damage/injury. Ex: Phineas Gage

A

Accidents

34
Q

The removal or destruction of a part of the brain. Ex: frontal lobotomy

A

Lesions

35
Q

A type of brain scan that detects brain waves and examines types of waves produced at different stages of consciousness. Generalizes brain functions and is the least intrusive brain scan.

A

EEG

36
Q

A sophisticated x-ray that utilizes several x-ray cameras and combines pictures into a detailed 3-D image of the brain’s structures

A

CAT or CT Scan

37
Q

Uses magnetic fields to measure the density/location of brain material in order to document its structure. Similar to the CAT/CT Scan.

A

MRI

38
Q

Utilizes a chemical (glucose) ignorer to see what areas of the brain are most active during certain tasks.

A

PET Scan

39
Q

Shows detail of brain structure and information regarding blood flow. Shows both structure and activity and combine MRI/PET Scans.

A

fMRI

40
Q

The brain’s life support system and controls basic biological function that keeps us alive. Located at the top of the spinal cord.

A

Hindbrain

41
Q

Part of the brain stem that control blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. Located above spinal cord.

A

Medulla (Medulla oblongata)

42
Q

Part of brain stem that connect hindbrain with mid/front brain. Controls facial expressions and sleep. Located above medulla, toward frontbrain

A

Pons

43
Q

Coordinate some habitual muscle movements (such as tracking with peepers and playing sax). Located at the bottom rear of brain.

A

Cerebellum

44
Q

Coordinates simple movement and sensory information. Located above spinal cord but below forebrain

A

Midbrain

45
Q

A net-like collection of cells throughout midbrain that controls general body arousal/focusing. Located within midbrain. If cannot function, will result in coma.

A

Reticular formation

46
Q

Controls through, logic, and reason and is what makes humans, human. Located in the from area of the brain.

A

Forebrain

47
Q

Receives the sensory signals coming up the spinal cord and sending them to the appropriate areas in the rest of the forebrain. Located at the top of the brain stem.

A

Thalamus

48
Q

Small structure. Controls several metabolic functions such as body temperature, libido, hunger, thirst, and endocrine system. Located next to the thalamus.

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

Utilized to experience emotion, especially fear. Located at the end of each hippocampal arm.

A

Amygdala

50
Q

Processes/codes memories and sends them to cerebral cortex. Located as the two arms surround the thalamus.

A

Hippocampus

51
Q

The name for the grouping of the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus–> all have have to do with emotion and memory

A

Limbic System

52
Q

The gray, wrinkled surface of the brain of densely packed neurons. Connects more as we develop.

A

Cerebral Cortex

53
Q

The two parts of the cerebral cortex. The left and right mirror each other but differ in function.

A

Hemispheres

54
Q

Part of the cerebral cortex. Receives sensory messages and control the motor function of the right hand of the body.

A

Left hemisphere

55
Q

Part of the cerebral cortex. Receives sensory messages and controls the motor function of the left half of the brain.

A

Right hemisphere

56
Q

Specialization of function in each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.

A

Brain lateralization

57
Q

The nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres in the cerebral cortex and allows them to communicate.

A

Corpus callosum

58
Q

Parts/regions of the cerebral cortex Four on each hemisphere of the brain.

A

Lobes

59
Q

any area of the cerebral cortex that is not associated with receiving sensory information or controlling muscle movements

A

Association Area

60
Q

Large areas of the cerebral cortex located at the top front of the brain. Directs thought process, predicts consequences, pursues goals, maintains emotional and engages in abstract thought.

A

Frontal Lobe

61
Q

Responsible for controlling the muscles involved in producing speech. Damage yields loss of language ability. Located in frontal lobe.

A

Broca’s area

62
Q

Responsible for interpreting both written and spoken speech. Damage affects ability to understand language and speak cohesively. Located in temporal lobe.

A

Wercicke’s Lobe

63
Q

Thin, vertical strip on back of frontal lobe. Sends signals to muscles and controls voluntary movements.

A

Motor cortex

64
Q

Located behind frontal lobe, but still on top of brain. Vital for sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell

A

Pariental Lobe

65
Q

Thin, vertical strip behind motor cortex in frontal lobe. Receives incoming touch sensations

A

Sensory cortex

66
Q

Located at the back of the brain, farthest from the eyes. Interprets messages from the eyes in visual cortex.

A

Occipital Lobes

67
Q

Processes sound sensed by the ears. Located in the temple area.

A

Temporal Lobes

68
Q

The ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth/reorganization. rewired to function in some way that differs from previous functions.

A

Brain Plasticity

69
Q

System of glands that secretes hormones that affects the body. Hypothalamus connection.

A

Endocrine System

70
Q

Produces adrenaline or flight/fight. Incites involuntary responses such as heart rate and blood pressure

A

Adrenal glands

71
Q

Identical twins developed from one fertilized egg (zygote) and share genetic material. Usual for intelligence or nature vs. nurture studies.

A

Monozygotic twins.

AP Psychology (12 decks)

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