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AP Psychology > Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Messages from senses that are transformed into neural impulses. Thalamus

A

Transduction

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2
Q

Decreasing responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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3
Q

Our perception of sensations is partially due to how focused we are on them

A

Sensory habituation

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4
Q

When in a loud room, someone across the room calls your name and your attention switches to across the room

A

Cocktail Party phenomenon

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5
Q

Activation of our senses

A

Sensation

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6
Q

The process of understanding sensations

A

Perception

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7
Q

Vision, hearing, touch. Gathers senses in the form of light, sound waves, and pressure

A

Energy senses

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8
Q

Gathers senses in the form of chemicals in order to interpret. Taste, smell

A

Chemical senses

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9
Q

The most dominant sense. Gathers information about environment through reflections, light intensity, and light wavelength

A

Vision

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10
Q

Protective eye covering, helps focus light

A

Cornea

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11
Q

Shutter of a camera, dilates to let more lice in by contacting and vice versa (Iris)

A

Pupil

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12
Q

A curved/flexible part of the eye that contracts in order to focus. Accommodation

A

Lens

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13
Q

Screen on the back of the eye, has specialized neurons activated by wavelengths

A

Retina

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14
Q

Any various hypothetical or actual mechanisms within the human information- processings system that respond selectively to specific distinguishing features

A

Feature Detectors

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15
Q

The second cranial nerve, which carries axons of retinal ganglion cells and extends from the retina to the optic chiasm

A

Optic Nerve

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16
Q

The visual processing center of the brain

A

Occipital Lobe

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17
Q

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible and can be detected by the human eye

A

Visible Light

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18
Q

Cells that detect color and cells that are activated in monochrome

A

Cones vs. Rods

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19
Q

The center of the retina, an indentation. Contains the highest concentration of cones

A

Fovea

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20
Q

The spot where the optic nerve leaves the retina, has no rods/cones

A

Blind spot

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21
Q

Hypothesis that we have 3 types of cones with RGB and are activated in different combinations to produce all colors

A

Trichromatic theory

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22
Q

The inability to discriminate between colors and to perceive select color hues

A

Color blindness

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23
Q

If you stare at a color for a long time and then look at a white, blank space- who will see an image of said color

A

Afterimage

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24
Q

Sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs. On stimulated its pair (complimentary colors) is inhibited (explains color-blindness and afterimages)

A

Opponent-process theory

25
Q

The ability of an organism to sense sound and process/interpret the sensations to gain information about the source/nature of the sound

A

Hearing

26
Q

Created by vibrations, vibrations travel through the air, into the ears and go through transduction

A

Sound Waves

27
Q

The height of the wave and determines loudness of a sound (decibels)

A

Amplitude

28
Q

The length of the waves and determines pitch (Hz)

A

Frequency

29
Q

A structure shaped like a snails shell and filled with fluid. Fluid moves in reaction to sound waves, moving hair cells and transduction occurs

A

Cochlea

30
Q

Description of the hearing process explains how we react/interpret pitches or tones

A

Pitch Theories

31
Q

The hair cells I the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in cochlea. Explains high pitches

A

Place Theory

32
Q

Lower tones are sensed by the rate at which the cells fire. Cells fire at different rates in cochlea. Explain low pitches

A

Frequency theory

33
Q

Occurs when something goes wrong with the system of conducting sound

A

Conduction deafness

34
Q

Occurs when the hair cells in the cochlea are damaged

A

Nerve deafness

35
Q

The ability to perceive an object.stimulus that come into contact with the surface of the skin. Temp/intensity

A

Touch

36
Q

Some pain messages are higher priority than others, therefore its hypothesized that the spinal cord “opens or closes the gate” to the brain depending on its intensity

A

Gate-control theory

37
Q

The sense devoted to the detection of molecules dissolved in liquids or the sensory experience resulting from perception of gustatory qualities

A

Taste

38
Q

The sense that enables an organism to detect the odors of volatile substances

A

Smell

39
Q

Informs us about how our body is oriented in space

A

Vestibular sense

40
Q

Feedback about eh position and orientation of specific body parts. Information about limbs from joints/receptors

A

Kinesthetic sense

41
Q

The minimal amount of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

42
Q

Signal below the absolute threshold of our conscious awareness

A

Subliminal Messages

43
Q

The smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we detect change

A

Difference Threshold

44
Q

The change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus. More intense = more it will need to change before noticed

A

Weber’s law

45
Q

Investigates the effects of the distractions/interferences we experiences while perceiving the world

A

Signal detection theory

46
Q

We perceive by filling in gaps, perception that is driven by the context in which something is placed

A

Top-Down processing

47
Q

A predisposition to perceiving something a certain way

A

Perceptual set

48
Q

When the stimulus itself influences your perception because you have no other context

A

Bottom-up Processing

49
Q

Perceive images as group

A

Gestalt Rules

50
Q

Objects that are close together are more likely o be perceived as belonging in the same group

A

Proximity

51
Q

Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as in the same group

A

Similarity

52
Q

Objects that are arranged in a continuous line/curve are more likely to be perceived as in the same group

A

Continuity

53
Q

Similar to top-down, objects that make-up a recognizable image are more likely to be perceived to be in the same group

A

Closure

54
Q

Our ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes

A

Constancy

55
Q

Objects closer to out eyes will produce bigger images on our retinas but distance is accounted for in size estimations

A

Size constancy

56
Q

Objects viewed at different angles will produce different shapes on out retinas, but we know the shape is constant

A

Shape constancy

57
Q

We perceive objects as being a constant color even as light reflecting off object changes

A

Brightness constancy

58
Q

An umbrella term that covers al visual cues that allows us to comprehend visual data-depth discriminations

A

Depth cues

AP Psychology (12 decks)

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