Ch. 6

Question 1

A long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

The initial stage of classical conditioning when the subject responds to the CS without the presentation of a UCS

Answer 2

Acquisition

Question 3

The diminishing of a CR: occurs in classical conditions when the UCS does not follow a CS

Answer 3

Extinction

Question 4

After a CR has been extinguished and no further training of the animal has taken place, the response briefly reappears upon presentation of the CS

Answer 4

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 5

The tendency to respond to similar CSs

Answer 5

Generalization

Question 6

To be able to tell the difference between various stimuli

Answer 6

Discrimination

Question 7

Linking two or more stimuli; the first stimulus comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus; developing new behaviors

Answer 7

Classical Conditioning

Question 8

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response before conditioning

Answer 8

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 9

An unlearned, naturally occurring response to a stimulus before conditioning

Answer 9

Unconditioned Response

Question 10

The stimulus that elicits a response after conditioning has occurred

Answer 10

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 11

The response shown after conditioning has occurred

Answer 11

Conditioned Response

Question 12

Used to help a person give up a behavior or habit by having then associate it with something unpleasant

Answer 12

Aversive Conditioning

Question 13

Utilization of CS as a US ignorer to condition a response to a new stimulus

Answer 13

Second-Order conditioning

Question 14

A learned association between the taste of a particular food/illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness

Answer 14

Learned taste aversion

Question 15

Learning based o the association of the consequences with one’s behaviors; Pre-existing behaviors

Answer 15

Operant conditioning

Question 16

If the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the behavior correlation will be strengthened and the likelihood of behavior will increase: reinforcers increase behavior, punishment decreases

Answer 16

Law of effect

Question 17

A type of learning in which behaviors are strengthened or weakened by consequences

Answer 17

Instrumental learning

Question 18

An experimental environment that is better suited to examine the more natural flow of behavior: bird!

Answer 18

Skinner Box

Question 19

Anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur

Answer 19

Reinforcer

Question 20

The addition of something pleasant

Answer 20

Positive reinforcement

Question 21

The removal of something unpleasant

Answer 21

Negative reinforcement

Question 22

Anything that makes a behavior less likely

Answer 22

Punishment

Question 23

Addition of something unpleasant

Answer 23

Postive punishment

Question 24

Removal of something pleasant, omission training

Answer 24

Negative punishment

Question 25

Reinforcers that guide behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior

Answer 25

Shaping

Question 26

Involves the reinforcement of individual responses occurring in a sequence to form complex behavior

Answer 26

Chaining

Question 27

An innately reinforcing stimulus such that satisfies a biological need; ex: food

Answer 27

Primary reinforcers

Question 28

A stimulus that we have learned to value; ex: money

Answer 28

Secondary reinforcer

Question 29

A stimulus that exerts a reinforcing effect because it has been associated with reinforcing stimuli

Answer 29

Generalized reinforcers

Question 30

People earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

Answer 30

Token economy

Question 31

The precise rules that are used to present/remove reinforcers/punishments following a specified operant behavior: fixed ratio, variable ratio, variable interval, fixed interval

Answer 31

Reinforcement schedules

Question 32

Rewarding behavior every time it occurs

Answer 32

Continuous reinforcement

Question 33

Behaviors will be more resistant to extinction if the animal has not been reinforced continuously

Answer 33

Partial-reinforcement effect

Question 34

Tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

Answer 34

Instinctive drift

Question 35

Learning by observing others

Answer 35

Observational learning

Question 36

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 36

Latent learning

Question 37

When one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem; Eureka!

Answer 37

Insight learning